《世界森林概况》（英文版） PART 4 FORESTRY IN REGIONAL ECONOMIC GROUPS.pdf_大学文库

PART IV FORESTRY IN REGIONAL ECONOMIC GROUF 123 Association of southeast asian Nations The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok with the signing of the Bangkok Declaration. At present, its members are Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapor Thailand and Viet Nam. The AsEAN Declaration states that the aims and purposes of the Association are: i"to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region through joint endeavours in the spirit of equality and partnership in order to strengthen the foundation for a prosperous and peaceful community of Southeast Asian nations", and i)to promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries of the region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter DESCRIPTION OF THE FOREST SECTOR Nearly half of the asEAN region is covered with tropical forest, accounting for about 6 percent of the worlds total forest area. Three-quarters of total wood production is used as fuelwood and charcoal. ASEAN is an important timber-producing region(particularly of tropical hardwoods ), accounting for 5 percent of the world,s industrial roundwood production. More than three-quarters of this comes from Indonesia and Malaysia. These two countries are major producers and exporters of wood-based panels mainly plywood), together accounting for 19 percent (in value)of world export trade in panels. The region is rapidly developing its pulp and paper industry. Many AsEAN countries are major exporters of non-wood forest products, in particular rubber, rattan and bamboo Forests in the asEAN region are of global significance in terms of biological diversity conservation. 限购19 Quantity %of world total Land area(000ha) 434542 Total forest area, 2000(000 ha) 211407 Woodfuel (000 m) 298711 487 od(000m)74 Forest area per capita(ha) Sawnwood('000 m) Annual change inforest area, 1990-2000 Wood panels('000 m) 16259 Thousand hectares Pulp for paper('000 tonnes) 3084 2 Percentage 1.1 Paper and paperboard ('000 tonnes)9477 Ne. International forest products trade: quantity and value, 1998 Product Export value Import USS thousands of world total USS thousands of world total 674807 10 945 171545 Wood panels('000 m) 12102 3099297 2 Pulp for paper('000 tonnes) 1671 Paper and paperboard ('000 tonnes) 1822845 2448 Note: ns.-not significant, indicating a very small value

PART IV FORESTRY IN REGIONAL ECONOMIC GROUPS 123 The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok with the signing of the Bangkok Declaration. At present, its members are Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. The ASEAN Declaration states that the aims and purposes of the Association are: i) “to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region through joint endeavours in the spirit of equality and partnership in order to strengthen the foundation for a prosperous and peaceful community of Southeast Asian nations”; and ii) “to promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries of the region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter”. DESCRIPTION OF THE FOREST SECTOR Nearly half of the ASEAN region is covered with tropical forest, accounting for about 6 percent of the world’s total forest area. Three-quarters of total wood production is used as fuelwood and charcoal. ASEAN is an important timber-producing region (particularly of tropical hardwoods), accounting for 5 percent of the world’s industrial roundwood production. More than three-quarters of this comes from Indonesia and Malaysia. These two countries are major producers and exporters of wood-based panels (mainly plywood), together accounting for 19 percent (in value) of world export trade in panels. The region is rapidly developing its pulp and paper industry. Many ASEAN countries are major exporters of non-wood forest products, in particular rubber, rattan and bamboo. Forests in the ASEAN region are of global significance in terms of biological diversity conservation. Association of Southeast Asian Nations Quantity % of world total Woodfuel (’000 m3) 298 711 17 Industrial roundwood (’000 m3) 74 200 5 Sawnwood (’000 m3) 9 880 2 Wood panels (’000 m3) 16 259 11 Pulp for paper (’000 tonnes) 3 084 2 Paper and paperboard (’000 tonnes) 9 477 3 Forest resources Land area (’000 ha) 434 542 Total forest area, 2000 (’000 ha) 211 407 Percentage of land under forest 48.7 Forest area per capita (ha) 0.4 Annual change in forest area, 1990-2000 - Thousand hectares -2 325 - Percentage -1.1 Product Export Export value Import Import value quantity quantity US$ thousands % of world total US$ thousands % of world total Woodfuel (’000 m3) 2 301 n.s. 1 57 n.s. Industrial roundwood (’000 m3) 6 654 674 807 10 945 171 545 2 Sawnwood (’000 m3) 4 227 1 248 149 5 2 272 470 398 2 Wood panels (’000 m3) 12 102 3 099 297 21 996 311 007 2 Pulp for paper (’000 tonnes) 1 933 598 054 4 1 671 738 265 5 Paper and paperboard (’000 tonnes) 2 873 1 822 845 3 2 448 1 934 560 3 Note: n.s. = not significant, indicating a very small value. International forest products trade: quantity and value, 1998 Production of wood-based products, 1998

124 STATE OF THE WORLD’S FORESTS 2001 The Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) was established by the Treaty of Chaguaramas on 4 July 1973, for the principal purpose of enhancing, through cooperation, the economic, social and cultural development of the people of member countries. CARICOM’S members are Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Lucia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. DESCRIPTION OF THE FOREST SECTOR The CARICOM countries account for only 1 percent of the world’s forest area, most of which is located in Guyana and Suriname. These countries, as well as Belize and Dominica, have a high percentage of their land area under forest. With the exception of Dominica, CARICOM’s small island states have a moderate to low forest cover. CARICOM’s share of world production and trade in forest products is minor and its members are heavily dependent on imports to meet their paper, sawnwood and wood-based panel requirements. Guyana is the Community’s most active country in terms of forest industries. Quantity % of world total Woodfuel (’000 m3) 6 606 n.s. Industrial roundwood (’000 m3) 1 128 n.s. Sawnwood (m3) 172 n.s. Wood panels (m3) 84 n.s. Pulp for paper (’000 tonnes) n.s. n.s. Paper and paperboard (’000 tonnes) n.s. n.s. Forest resources Land area (’000 ha) 44 073 Total forest area, 2000 (’000 ha) 33 938 Percentage of land under forest 77.0 Forest area per capita (ha) 2.3 Annual change in forest area, 1990-2000 - Thousand hectares -100 - Percentage -0.3 Production of wood-based products, 1998 Product Export Export value Import Import value quantity quantity US$ thousands % of world total US$ thousands % of world total Woodfuel (’000 m3) n.s. n.s. n.s. 1 54 n.s. Industrial roundwood (’000 m3) 96 8 064 n.s. 54 6 296 n.s. Sawnwood (’000 m3) 32 11 893 n.s. 370 116 405 n.s. Wood panels (’000 m3) 73 17 453 n.s. 104 38 041 n.s. Pulp for paper (’000 tonnes) n.s. 166 n.s. 9 5 415 n.s. Paper and paperboard (’000 tonnes) 1 994 n.s. 145 123 953 n.s. Note: n.s. = not significant, indicating a very small value. International forest products trade: quantity and value, 1998 Caribbean Community and Common Market

PART∨ FORESTRY IN ECONOMIC GROUPS 125 Commonwealth of Independent States The Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS)was established in December 1991. It is a voluntary association consisting of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. The main purpose of the Commonwealth is to develop and strengthen cooperation and to serve the cause of peace and security DESCRIPTION OF THE FOREST SECTOR Nearly one-quarter of the worlds forests are located in the CIS. The Russian Federation, which alone contains 22 percent of the world,s forests, accounts for 94 percent of the group's total forest area. In addition to the russian Federation, which has 50 percent of its land area under forest, Belarus and georgia are also heavily forested(with 45 and 44 percent of their land under forest, respectively). The other countries have a low to moderate forest cover. The Russian Federation accounts for about 90 percent of both production and consumption of forest products in the CIS. It is a major exporter of industrial roundwood, accounting for 24 percent(by volume) and 14 percent (by value)of world trade in logs. This is a significant increase from 1996, when the Russian Federation accounted for 20 percent of the volume of world trade in logs. The other countries are highly dependent on imports to meet their requirements for wood products. Forest resources Production of wood-based products, 1998 Land area('000ha 2177597 Quantity %of world total Total forest area, 2000(000 ha) Woodfuel (000 m) Percentage of land under forest 41.1 Forest area per capita (ha) Sawnwood(000 m) 5 Annual change in forest area, 1990-2000 Wood panels(,000 m) Thousand hectares Pulp for paper ('000 tonnes) 3907 Percentage 0.1 Paper and paperboard('000 tonnes)3932 s. International forest products trade: quantity and value, 190 Product xport Export value Import value USS thousands of world total USs thousands of world total Woodfuel 23059 16 2 Industrial roundwood(000 m2) 202 15 24117 Wood panels(000m) 328885 2 112036 Pulp for paper('000 tonnes) Paper and paperboard (000 tonnes) 768490 708 Note: ns.=not significant, indicating a very small value

PART IV FORESTRY IN REGIONAL ECONOMIC GROUPS 125 Commonwealth of Independent States Quantity % of world total Woodfuel (’000 m3) 43 267 2 Industrial roundwood (’000 m3) 100 929 7 Sawnwood (’000 m3) 20 358 5 Wood panels (’000 m3) 4 160 3 Pulp for paper (’000 tonnes) 3 907 2 Paper and paperboard (’000 tonnes) 3 932 1 Forest resources Land area (’000 ha) 2 177 597 Total forest area, 2000 (’000 ha) 894 411 Percentage of land under forest 41.1 Forest area per capita (ha) 3.1 Annual change in forest area, 1990-2000 - Thousand hectares 709 - Percentage 0.1 Production of wood-based products, 1998 Product Export Export value Import Import value quantity quantity US$ thousands % of world total US$ thousands % of world total Woodfuel (’000 m3) 988 23 059 16 2 74 n.s. Industrial roundwood (’000 m3) 21 042 976 611 15 582 24 117 n.s. Sawnwood (’000 m3) 5 222 611 756 3 1 058 88 390 n.s. Wood panels (’000 m3) 1 408 328 885 2 434 112 036 1 Pulp for paper (’000 tonnes) 1 007 338 827 2 54 29 513 n.s. Paper and paperboard (’000 tonnes) 1 762 768 490 1 708 704 622 1 Note: n.s. = not significant, indicating a very small value. International forest products trade: quantity and value, 1998 The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) was established in December 1991. It is a voluntary association consisting of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. The main purpose of the Commonwealth is to develop and strengthen cooperation and to serve the cause of peace and security. DESCRIPTION OF THE FOREST SECTOR Nearly one-quarter of the world’s forests are located in the CIS. The Russian Federation, which alone contains 22 percent of the world’s forests, accounts for 94 percent of the group’s total forest area. In addition to the Russian Federation, which has 50 percent of its land area under forest, Belarus and Georgia are also heavily forested (with 45 and 44 percent of their land under forest, respectively). The other countries have a low to moderate forest cover. The Russian Federation accounts for about 90 percent of both production and consumption of forest products in the CIS. It is a major exporter of industrial roundwood, accounting for 24 percent (by volume) and 14 percent (by value) of world trade in logs. This is a significant increase from 1996, when the Russian Federation accounted for 20 percent of the volume of world trade in logs. The other countries are highly dependent on imports to meet their requirements for wood products

STATE OF THE WORLD's FORESTs 2001 Economic Community of West African States The Treaty of Lagos establishing the Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)was signed by representatives of 15 West African States in Lagos on 28 May 1975. At present, the following countries adhere to the treaty: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cote d'lvoire, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, the Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. The ECOWAS Treaty specifies that the Community's objective, to be achieved in stages, is the creation of an economic and monetary union. Cooperation in the development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries is one of its primary aims. The first stage in this cooperation entails the harmonization of intermal and external policies, the second stage envisages the adoption of a common agricultural policy. DESCRIPTION OF THE FOREST SECTOR ECOWAS members together contain only 2 percent of the world 's forests. While only 12 percent of the combined land area is under forest, an additional 23 percent is classified as"other wooded land", which contributes to the production of various forest products, grazing and desertification control. "Trees outside forests, such as those in agroforestry systems, are also an important resource. More than 90 percent of the wood produced by ECOWAS member countries is used as woodfuel. Within the Community, the most important producers of industrial wood products are Nigeria, Cote d'lvoire and Ghana ECOWAS accounts for only a minor share of world imports and exports of wood products Forest e oducts, 1998 7842 Quantity of world total Land area (000 ha) Total forest area, 2000(000 ha) 69 Voodfuel ('000 ma) Percentage of land under forest Industrial roundwood('000 m,) 17872 Forest area per capita (ha) sawnwood(000 m) 4157 Annual change in forest area, 1990-2000 Vood panels('000 m3) Thousand hectares 1265 Pulp for paper('000 tonnes) s 18 63 Export value Import value quantity ss thousands of world total USS thousands of world total Woodfuel(000m) n 3782 Sawnwood(000m 44 8872 Wood panels(,000m) 14517 Paper and paperboard(000 tonnes) 2564 187824 ns not significant, indicatinga very small value

126 STATE OF THE WORLD’S FORESTS 2001 Economic Community of West African States Quantity % of world total Woodfuel (’000 m3) 168 009 10 Industrial roundwood (’000 m3) 17 872 1 Sawnwood (’000 m3) 4 157 1 Wood panels (’000 m3) 578 n.s. Pulp for paper (’000 tonnes) 23 n.s. Paper and paperboard (’000 tonnes) 63 n.s. Forest resources Land area (’000 ha) 607 842 Total forest area, 2000 (’000 ha) 69 822 Percentage of land under forest 11.5 Forest area per capita (ha) 0.3 Annual change in forest area, 1990-2000 - Thousand hectares -1 265 - Percentage -1.8 Production of wood-based products, 1998 Product Export Export value Import Import value quantity quantity US$ thousands % of world total US$ thousands % of world total Woodfuel (’000 m3) n.s. 27 n.s. n.s. 17 n.s. Industrial roundwood (’000 m3) 249 39 479 1 28 3 782 n.s. Sawnwood (’000 m3) 832 308 444 1 43 8 872 n.s. Wood panels (’000 m3) 270 100 966 1 36 14 517 n.s. Pulp for paper (’000 tonnes) n.s. 302 n.s. 8 4 939 n.s. Paper and paperboard (’000 tonnes) 4 2 564 n.s. 259 187 824 n.s. Note: n.s. = not significant, indicating a very small value. International forest products trade: quantity and value, 1998 The Treaty of Lagos establishing the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) was signed by representatives of 15 West African States in Lagos on 28 May 1975. At present, the following countries adhere to the treaty: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, the Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. The ECOWAS Treaty specifies that the Community’s objective, to be achieved in stages, is the creation of an economic and monetary union. Cooperation in the development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries is one of its primary aims. The first stage in this cooperation entails the harmonization of internal and external policies, the second stage envisages the adoption of a common agricultural policy. DESCRIPTION OF THE FOREST SECTOR ECOWAS members together contain only 2 percent of the world’s forests. While only 12 percent of the combined land area is under forest, an additional 23 percent is classified as “other wooded land”, which contributes to the production of various forest products, grazing and desertification control. “Trees outside forests”, such as those in agroforestry systems, are also an important resource. More than 90 percent of the wood produced by ECOWAS member countries is used as woodfuel. Within the Community, the most important producers of industrial wood products are Nigeria, Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana. ECOWAS accounts for only a minor share of world imports and exports of wood products

PART∨ FORESTRY IN ECONOMIC GROUPS 127 European Community The Treaty of Rome established the European Economic Community (EEC)in 1957. In 1993, the Treaty of Maastricht established the European Union (EU) as a broader framework which retained the EEC now the European Community (EC), as a legal entity. The following countries are members: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The aims of the EC inchude the abolition of restrictive trading practices and the free movement of capital and labour within the union. A single market with free movement of goods and capital was established in January 1993 DESCRIPTION OF THE FOREST SECTOR About one-third of the region is covered with forest, ranging from boreal to Mediterranean scrub forest. About 70 percent of the forests are located in four countries: Sweden, Finland, France and Germany. Although the EC has only 3 percent of the worlds forest area, it is a leading producer of wood-based products, in particular paper and panels. It is a major trader, accounting for 42 and 40 percent of the value of world exports and imports of wood-based products, respectively. Sweden, Finland, Germany, France and Austria are among the world's top ten exporters of forest products, and Germany, the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, Spain and Belgium and Luxembourg ar among the top ten importers Production of wood-bas 313187 Quantity of world total Land area(000 ha) Total forest area, 2000 (000 ha) Woodfuel (000 m? 35036 Percentage of land under forest Industrial roundwood ('000 m) 225808 15 Forest area per capita(ha) 71708 Annual change in forest area, 1990-2000 Wood panels(000 m2) 6866 Thousand hectares 317 Pulp for paper(000 tonnes) 33201 Percentage 0.3 Paper and paperboard('000 tonnes)77598 nation nal forest products trade: ai quantity USS thousands of world total USS thousands of world total Woodfuel(000m 27340 Industrial roundwood(000m) 13169 1072553 42051 338088 40 Sawnwood('000r 30021 6848781 Wood panels(000m) 5905542 6372162 Pulp for paper('000 tonnes) 26 Paper and paperboard (000 tonnes) 44 348 36925871 3 37885 30604696 44

PART IV FORESTRY IN REGIONAL ECONOMIC GROUPS 127 European Community Quantity % of world total Woodfuel (’000 m3) 35 036 2 Industrial roundwood (’000 m3) 225 808 15 Sawnwood (’000 m3) 71 708 17 Wood panels (’000 m3) 36 866 24 Pulp for paper (’000 tonnes) 33 201 19 Paper and paperboard (’000 tonnes) 77 598 26 Forest resources Land area (’000 ha) 313 187 Total forest area, 2000 (’000 ha) 115 685 Percentage of land under forest 36.9 Forest area per capita (ha) 0.3 Annual change in forest area, 1990-2000 - Thousand hectares 317 - Percentage 0.3 Production of wood-based products, 1998 Product Export Export value Import Import value quantity quantity US$ thousands % of world total US$ thousands % of world total Woodfuel (’000 m3) 789 27 340 19 869 38 732 55 Industrial roundwood (’000 m3) 13 169 1 072 553 16 42 051 3 380 880 40 Sawnwood (’000 m3) 30 021 6 848 781 29 36 786 9 842 302 39 Wood panels (’000 m3) 14 566 5 905 542 39 16 086 6 372 162 40 Pulp for paper (’000 tonnes) 7 792 3 515 436 26 14 421 7 242 329 46 Paper and paperboard (’000 tonnes) 44 348 36 925 871 53 37 885 30 604 696 44 International forest products trade: quantity and value, 1998 The Treaty of Rome established the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957. In 1993, the Treaty of Maastricht established the European Union (EU) as a broader framework which retained the EEC, now the European Community (EC), as a legal entity. The following countries are members: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The aims of the EC include the abolition of restrictive trading practices and the free movement of capital and labour within the union. A single market with free movement of goods and capital was established in January 1993. DESCRIPTION OF THE FOREST SECTOR About one-third of the region is covered with forest, ranging from boreal to Mediterranean scrub forest. About 70 percent of the forests are located in four countries: Sweden, Finland, France and Germany. Although the EC has only 3 percent of the world’s forest area, it is a leading producer of wood-based products, in particular paper and panels. It is a major trader, accounting for 42 and 40 percent of the value of world exports and imports of wood-based products, respectively. Sweden, Finland, Germany, France and Austria are among the world’s top ten exporters of forest products, and Germany, the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, Spain and Belgium and Luxembourg are among the top ten importers

STATE OF THE WORLD's FORESTs 2001 Latin American Economic System The Latin American Economic System(LAES) is a regional intergovernmental organization that groups 28 Latin American and Caribbean countries: Argentina, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay and Venezuela. LaES was established on 17 October 1975 by the Panama Convention. The objectives of LAES are to promote a system for consultation and coordination, aiming to achieve consensus in the form of joint positions and common strategies, for the Latin American and Caribbean region on economic issues. The common strategies may be for individual countries or groups of countries. LAES also serves to promote cooperation and integration among the countries of the region DESCRIPTION OF THE FOREST SECTOR Forest cover varies greatly within the group, ranging from very heavily forested countries(Belize, Brazil, Suriname and Guyana) to countries with a small percentage of land area under forest(Barbados, Haiti El Salvador and Uruguay). All the Amazon basin countries are members of LAES, which accounts for its large amount of forest area, representing 25 percent of the worlds forest cover. Together, LAES member countries are important wood producers, particularly of woodfuel, industrial roundwood and sawnwood, and significant exporters of pulp for paper. The regions tropical forests have global significance in terms of biological diversity conservation and carbon storage. Land area(000 Quantity % of world total Total forest area, 2000(000 ha) /oodfuel (000 m) Industrial roundwood(000 m) 143 069 Forest area per capita Sawnwood('000 m3) 35157 Annual change in forest area, 1990-2000 Wood panels(,000 m) Thousand hectares 4669 Pulp for paper('000 tonnes) 10996 Percentage Paper and paperboard (000 tonnes)14 020 而帖e时puam19 Product quantity quantity USS thousands of world total USS thousands of world total Woodfuel (000 m) Sawnwood(, 000 m) 3999 987728 2626 638772 Wood panels(000 my) 324208 Paper and paperboard (000 tonnes) 5188 3919439 6 Nofe: ns -not sinificant, indicating a very small value

128 STATE OF THE WORLD’S FORESTS 2001 Latin American Economic System Quantity % of world total Woodfuel (’000 m3) 255 957 13 Industrial roundwood (’000 m3) 143 069 9 Sawnwood (’000 m3) 35 157 8 Wood panels (’000 m3) 5 966 4 Pulp for paper (’000 tonnes) 10 996 6 Paper and paperboard (’000 tonnes) 14 020 5 Forest resources Land area (’000 ha) 207 889 Total forest area, 2000 (’000 ha) 955 966 Percentage of land under forest 47.6 Forest area per capita (ha) 1.9 Annual change in forest area, 1990-2000 - Thousand hectares -4 669 - Percentage - 0.5 Production of wood-based products, 1998 Product Export Export value Import Import value quantity quantity US$ thousands % of world total US$ thousands % of world total Woodfuel (’000 m3) 8 1 017 1 19 704 n.s. Industrial roundwood (’000 m3) 2 980 190 098 3 125 23 936 n.s. Sawnwood (’000 m3) 3 999 987 728 4 2 626 638 772 3 Wood panels (’000 m3) 1 688 598 400 4 974 324 208 2 Pulp for paper (’000 tonnes) 4 644 1 776 446 13 1 204 585 225 3 Paper and paperboard (’000 tonnes) 1 561 1 089 865 2 5 188 3 919 439 6 Note: n.s. = not significant, indicating a very small value. International forest products trade: quantity and value, 1998 The Latin American Economic System (LAES) is a regional intergovernmental organization that groups 28 Latin American and Caribbean countries: Argentina, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay and Venezuela. LAES was established on 17 October 1975 by the Panama Convention. The objectives of LAES are to promote a system for consultation and coordination, aiming to achieve consensus in the form of joint positions and common strategies, for the Latin American and Caribbean region on economic issues. The common strategies may be for individual countries or groups of countries. LAES also serves to promote cooperation and integration among the countries of the region. DESCRIPTION OF THE FOREST SECTOR Forest cover varies greatly within the group, ranging from very heavily forested countries (Belize, Brazil, Suriname and Guyana) to countries with a small percentage of land area under forest (Barbados, Haiti, El Salvador and Uruguay). All the Amazon basin countries are members of LAES, which accounts for its large amount of forest area, representing 25 percent of the world’s forest cover. Together, LAES member countries are important wood producers, particularly of woodfuel, industrial roundwood and sawnwood, and significant exporters of pulp for paper. The region’s tropical forests have global significance in terms of biological diversity conservation and carbon storage

PART IV FORESTRY IN REGIONAL ECONOMIC GROUF 129 League of Arab States The League of Arab States, more generally known as the Arab League, was established on 22 March 1945. It comprises Algeria, Bahrain, the Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Irag, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, the Sudan the Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen. The broad objectives of the Arab League are to develop cooperation and strengthen complementarity among its member states in economical, cultural, scientific, social and military fields. To do so, the League has set up several pecialized agencies. Those of interest to FAO are: the arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (Khartoum, the Sudan); the Arab Centre for the Study of Arid Zones and Dry Lands(Damascus, the Syrian Arab Republic); the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development(Kuwait); the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization(Tunis, Tunisia); the Arab Organization for Agricultural Development(Khartoum, the Sudan); the Arab Academy for Science and Maritime Transport (Alexandria, Egypt); and the Inter-Arab Investment Guarantee Corporation(Kuwait) DESCRIPTION OF THE FOREST SECTOR The combined forest area of these countries accounts for only 2 percent of the worlds forests. Some land"which, although not counted in the forest area figures, are important for forest products, grazing and desertification control. Fuelwood and charcoal are the major forest products. Production of industrial wood is very limited; about two-thirds of the demand for industrial roundwood and processed wood products is met by imports. Gum arabic, a non-wood forest product, is a major export of the Sudan. Forest resources Land area(000 ha) 1308642 Quantity %of world total saea,2000(00ha) Woodfuel (000 m) 24643 Percentage of land under forest Industrial roundwood('000 m) 4226 Forest area per capita(ha) Sawnwood('000 m) Annual change in forest area, 1990-2000 Wood panels('000 m) 1013 Pulp for paper('000 tonnes) Paper and paperboard ('000 tonnes)671 t.International forest products trade: quantity and value, 1998 Import value USS thousands of world total USs thousands of world total Woodfuel(000 my) 1506 Industrial roundwood(000?) Sawnwood 1156295 1930 532859 Pulp for paper('000 tonnes) 179860 Paper and paperboard ('000 tonnes) 40058 1512306 Note: ns.-not significant, indicating a very small value

PART IV FORESTRY IN REGIONAL ECONOMIC GROUPS 129 League of Arab States Quantity % of world total Woodfuel (’000 m3) 24 643 1 Industrial roundwood (’000 m3) 4 226 n.s. Sawnwood (’000 m3) 242 n.s. Wood panels (’000 m3) 349 n.s. Pulp for paper (’000 tonnes) 234 n.s. Paper and paperboard (’000 tonnes) 671 n.s. Forest resources Land area (’000 ha) 1 308 642 Total forest area, 2000 (’000 ha) 79 246 Percentage of land under forest 6.1 Forest area per capita (ha) 0.3 Annual change in forest area, 1990-2000 - Thousand hectares -1 013 - Percentage -1.3 Production of wood-based products, 1998 Product Export Export value Import Import value quantity quantity US$ thousands % of world total US$ thousands % of world total Woodfuel (’000 m3) n.s. 16 n.s. 17 1 506 n.s. Industrial roundwood (’000 m3) 6 346 n.s. 585 83 029 1 Sawnwood (’000 m3) 4 1 537 n.s. 6 620 1 156 295 5 Wood panels (’000 m3) 31 23 696 n.s. 1 930 532 859 3 Pulp for paper (’000 tonnes) 83 37 442 n.s. 395 179 860 1 Paper and paperboard (’000 tonnes) 47 40 058 n.s. 2 288 1 512 306 2 Note: n.s. = not significant, indicating a very small value. International forest products trade: quantity and value, 1998 The League of Arab States, more generally known as the Arab League, was established on 22 March 1945. It comprises Algeria, Bahrain, the Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, the Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen. The broad objectives of the Arab League are to develop cooperation and strengthen complementarity among its member states in economical, cultural, scientific, social and military fields. To do so, the League has set up several specialized agencies. Those of interest to FAO are: the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (Khartoum, the Sudan); the Arab Centre for the Study of Arid Zones and Dry Lands (Damascus, the Syrian Arab Republic); the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (Kuwait); the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (Tunis, Tunisia); the Arab Organization for Agricultural Development (Khartoum, the Sudan); the Arab Academy for Science and Maritime Transport (Alexandria, Egypt); and the Inter-Arab Investment Guarantee Corporation (Kuwait). DESCRIPTION OF THE FOREST SECTOR The combined forest area of these countries accounts for only 2 percent of the world’s forests. Some countries (Algeria, Morocco, Somalia, the Sudan and Yemen) have significant areas of “other wooded land” which, although not counted in the forest area figures, are important for forest products, grazing and desertification control. Fuelwood and charcoal are the major forest products. Production of industrial wood is very limited; about two-thirds of the demand for industrial roundwood and processed wood products is met by imports. Gum arabic, a non-wood forest product, is a major export of the Sudan

STATE OF THE WORLD's FORESTs 2001 North American Free Trade agreement Canada, Mexico and the United States are members of the north american Free Trade agreement (NAFTA), which came into effect on 1 January 1994. NAFTA's main aims are to contribute to the expansion of world trade; create, expand and secure markets for the goods produced in members territories; reduce distortions in trade; create new employment opportunities; improve workin conditions and living standards in members'territories and address related environmental and conservation issues. NAFTA is a trading bloc of global reach. It is innovative because it establishes linkages between economies with different levels of economic development. Current discussions see the linking of existing subregional integration schemes of NAFTA into a Free Trade Area of the Americas DESCRIPTION OF THE FOREST SECTOR One-fourth of the area of the NAFtA countries is forest land. Together, the three countries account for 14 percent of the world's forest area. Almost 90 percent of the regions forest is located in Canada and the United States, which are major world producers of wood. Canada and the United States together roduce 40 percent of the world s industrial roundwood, and more than one-third of all processed wood products, including almost half the world's paper pulp. NAFTA is extremely important in world trade of wood products. The value of its exports of sawnwood and pulp for paper represents nearly one-half of the world, s export market. It accounts for nearly one-third of the world's import market for sawnwood and one-fifth of the paper, wood panels and paper pulp markets. The forest sector in NAFTA is a significant source of revenue and employment through forest industries, forest-based recreation and tourism. 人限19 Land area( 000 ha) 2028861 Quantity %of world total Total forest area, 2000(000 ha) Woodfuel (000 m) 91414 Percentage of land under forest Industrial roundwood(000 m3) 614 248 Forest area per capita(ha) Sawnwood('000 m7) 178645 Annual change in forest area, 1990-2000 Wood panels('000 mr) 52067 Thousand hectares Pulp for paper (000 tonnes) 82526 Percentage 0 Paper and paperboard('000 tonnes)100 692 34 s.International forest products trade: quantity and value, 1998 Product Export value quantity USS thousands of word total USS thousands of world total Woodfuel (000 m) Industrial roundwood(000m? 437112 54379 48130 744139 Wood panels(000 my) 12254 3125408 Pulp for paper(000 tonnes) 15793 2698 Paper and paperboard ('000 tonnes) 25632 192652 19217 Nofe: ns -not sinificant, indicating a very small value

130 STATE OF THE WORLD’S FORESTS 2001 North American Free Trade Agreement Quantity % of world total Woodfuel (’000 m3) 91 414 5 Industrial roundwood (’000 m3) 614 248 41 Sawnwood (’000 m3) 178 645 43 Wood panels (’000 m3) 52 067 35 Pulp for paper (’000 tonnes) 82 526 47 Paper and paperboard (’000 tonnes) 100 692 34 Forest resources Land area (’000 ha) 2 028 861 Total forest area, 2000 (’000 ha) 525 769 Percentage of land under forest 25.9 Forest area per capita (ha) 1.3 Annual change in forest area, 1990-2000 - Thousand hectares -243 - Percentage 0 Production of wood-based products, 1998 Product Export Export value Import Import value quantity quantity US$ thousands % of world total US$ thousands % of world total Woodfuel (’000 m3) 210 20 092 14 265 14 852 n.s. Industrial roundwood (’000 m3) 10 432 1 368 075 21 7 055 437 112 5 Sawnwood (’000 m3) 54 379 10 385 211 45 48 130 7 441 390 30 Wood panels (’000 m3) 11 334 2 868 081 19 12 254 3 125 408 20 Pulp for paper (’000 tonnes) 15 793 6 631 750 48 6 192 2 698 022 17 Paper and paperboard (’000 tonnes) 25 632 19 265 276 28 19 217 15 769 680 23 Note: n.s. = not significant, indicating a very small value. International forest products trade: quantity and value, 1998 Canada, Mexico and the United States are members of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which came into effect on 1 January 1994. NAFTA´s main aims are to contribute to the expansion of world trade; create, expand and secure markets for the goods produced in members’ territories; reduce distortions in trade; create new employment opportunities; improve working conditions and living standards in members’ territories; and address related environmental and conservation issues. NAFTA is a trading bloc of global reach. It is innovative because it establishes linkages between economies with different levels of economic development. Current discussions see the linking of existing subregional integration schemes of NAFTA into a Free Trade Area of the Americas. DESCRIPTION OF THE FOREST SECTOR One-fourth of the area of the NAFTA countries is forest land. Together, the three countries account for 14 percent of the world’s forest area. Almost 90 percent of the region’s forest is located in Canada and the United States, which are major world producers of wood. Canada and the United States together produce 40 percent of the world’s industrial roundwood, and more than one-third of all processed wood products, including almost half the world’s paper pulp. NAFTA is extremely important in world trade of wood products. The value of its exports of sawnwood and pulp for paper represents nearly one-half of the world’s export market. It accounts for nearly one-third of the world’s import market for sawnwood and one-fifth of the paper, wood panels and paper pulp markets. The forest sector in NAFTA is a significant source of revenue and employment through forest industries, forest-based recreation and tourism

PART IV FORESTRY IN REGIONAL ECONOMIC GROUPS 131 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Quantity % of world total Woodfuel (’000 m3) 369 709 21 Industrial roundwood (’000 m3) 29 473 2 Sawnwood (’000 m3) 19 224 5 Wood panels (’000 m3) 493 n.s. Pulp for paper (’000 tonnes) 2 583 1 Paper and paperboard (’000 tonnes) 3 881 1 Forest resources Land area (’000 ha) 412 917 Total forest area, 2000 (’000 ha) 76 665 Percentage of land under forest 18.6 Forest area per capita (ha) 0.1 Annual change in forest area, 1990-2000 - Thousand hectares -97 - Percentage - 0.1 Production of wood-based products, 1998 Product Export Export value Import Import value quantity quantity US$ thousands % of world total US$ thousands % of world total Woodfuel (’000 m3) n.s. 4 n.s. n.s. 35 n.s. Industrial roundwood (’000 m3) 134 14 379 n.s. 1 894 210 261 2 Sawnwood (’000 m3) 15 7 967 n.s. 96 17 344 n.s. Wood panels (’000 m3) 12 7 658 n.s. 137 41 961 n.s. Pulp for paper (’000 tonnes) 2 2 367 n.s. 317 113 609 1 Paper and paperboard (’000 tonnes) 26 21 013 n.s. 1 035 653 080 1 Note: n.s. = not significant, indicating a very small value. International forest products trade: quantity and value, 1998 The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established in 1985 by the Heads of State and Government of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. SAARC’s main goal is to accelerate economic and social development in its member states through joint action in agreed areas of cooperation. To achieve this objective, SAARC seeks to: • promote the welfare of the peoples of South Asia and to improve their quality of life; • accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region and to provide all individuals the opportunity to live in dignity and to realize their full potential; • promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among the countries of South Asia; • promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in the economic, social, cultural, technical and scientific fields; • strengthen cooperation with other developing countries; • strengthen cooperation among the Association’s members in international fora on matters of common interest, and cooperate with international and regional organizations with similar aims and purposes