STATE OF THE WORLD's FORESTs 2003 Institutional framework n recent years, the forest sector has undergone stakeholders in forestry; the recent emphasis on a fundamental transformation, largely as a food security and poverty alleviation; and the ownership and increased recognnonorthe o result of restructuring, downsizing, changes need to comply with legally binding commitments multiple benefits that forests provide One of the For the most part, however, education is not most significant trends is increased management adequate to cope with today's needs At all levels, by groups of people and by individuals. In curricula must be updated to include such topics addition to the 22 percent of the worlds forests as the role of trees outside forests, collaborative that are now privately management, gender equity, access and benefit ownership accounts for about 11 percent, a figure sharing, the potential impact of certification expected to reach 40 percent by 2050. Consistent schemes on forest practices, and participatory ith this pattern, the number of partnerships learning. By the same token, if education is to among governments, organizations and agencies respond to current social aspirations and is growing, especially at the local level. However, challenges, foresters must be given the what may not be keeping pace is the amount of opportunity to move beyond the realm of forestry support that community groups receive to to learn about such fields as communication increase their human, physical and financial skills, business administration and management capacity to take full advantage of current and sciences. Equally important, efforts are needed to emerging opportunities enable institutions to monitor and assess their Institutional questions are multidimensional efficiency in responding as demands evolve and can be complex, as can the solutions required to address them. This chapter touches on recent Meeting of experts proposes ways of developments and key issues in forestry strengthening institutional capacity education, decentralization of public forest Ways of addressing these needs were discusse administrations, benefit-sharing arrangeme a meeting of experts on forestry education prevention of illegal logging and cross-sectoral organized by FAO in Rabat, Morocco in 2001 linkages These are presented as some of the (FAO, 200la) Participants affirmed that the examples of the many components that are capacity of institutions for all levels of forestry critical to the successful implementation of ducation and programmes needed strengthening sustainable forest management and updating, especially countries They also noted that donor support to education FORESTRY EDUCATION: COPING WITH was declining, partly because of the decrease i NEW DEMANDS hiring by public services and non-governmental Education concerning forests and trees is crucial organizations(NGOs), and partly because to achieving sustainable management and increasing numbers of non-traditional foresters national sustainable development goal are managing lands that include forests as part of Fundamental changes in forest policies, in the the mix of uses. forestry education are needed as a result of trends identified some potential ways forward rts role of foresters and, hence, in approaches to On the basis of their discussions, the exp such as increasing demands for forest goods and regional networking to support forestry services; growing recognition of the contributions education institutions and more that trees outside forests make in rural and urban interinstitutional exchange of knowledge and areas; the active participation of multiple experience
2003 FORESTS S’WORLD THE OF STATE 32 I undergone has sector forest the, years recent n a as largely, transformation fundamental a in changes, downsizing, restructuring of result the of recognition increased and ownership the of One. provide forests that benefits multiple management increased is trends significant most In. individuals by and people of groups by forests s’world the of percent 22 the to addition community, owned privately now are that figure a, percent 11 about for accounts ownership Consistent. 2050 by percent 40 reach to expected partnerships of number the, pattern this with agencies and organizations, governments among ,However. level local the at especially, growing is of amount the is pace keeping be not may what to receive groups community that support financial and physical, human their increase and current of advantage full take to capacity .opportunities emerging multidimensional are questions Institutional required solutions the can as, complex be can and recent on touches chapter This. them address to forestry in issues key and developments forest public of decentralization, education ,arrangements sharing-benefit, administrations sectoral-cross and logging illegal of prevention the of some as presented are These. linkages are that components many the of examples of implementation successful the to critical .management forest sustainable WITH COPING: EDUCATION FORESTRY DEMANDS NEW crucial is trees and forests concerning Education and management sustainable achieving to .goals development sustainable national the in, policies forest in changes Fundamental to approaches in, hence, and foresters of role trends of result a as needed are education forestry and goods forest for demands increasing as such contributions the of recognition growing; services urban and rural in make forests outside trees that multiple of participation active the; areas on emphasis recent the; forestry in stakeholders the and; alleviation poverty and security food binding legally with comply to need .commitments not is education, however, part most the For ,levels all At. needs s’today with cope to adequate topics such include to updated be must curricula collaborative, forests outside trees of role the as benefit and access, equity gender, management certification of impact potential the, sharing participatory and, practices forest on schemes to is education if, token same the By. learning and aspirations social current to respond the given be must foresters, challenges forestry of realm the beyond move to opportunity communication as fields such about learn to management and administration business, skills to needed are efforts, important Equally. sciences their assess and monitor to institutions enable .evolve demands as responding in efficiency of ways proposes experts of Meeting capacity institutional strengthening at discussed were needs these addressing of Ways education forestry on experts of meeting a 2001 in Morocco, Rabat in FAO by organized the that affirmed Participants). 2001a, FAO( forestry of levels all for institutions of capacity strengthening needed programmes and education .countries developing in especially, updating and education to support donor that noted also They in decrease the of because partly, declining was governmental-non and services public by hiring because partly and), NGOs (organizations foresters traditional-non of numbers increasing of part as forests include that lands managing are .uses of mix the experts the, discussions their of basis the On :forward ways potential some identified forestry support to networking regional• more and institutions education and knowledge of exchange interinstitutional ;experience framework Institutional
PART I THE SITUATION AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FOREST SECTOR improved coordination among forestry being taught about how forest policy decisions education research and extension so that made in the international arena influence actions needs become better known to all and at the national and local levels. To address such knowledge becomes more accessible to the shortcomings and foster collaboration with ulation international research organizations, more use of innovative and interactive tergovernmental organizations and others methods of teaching and learning, for groups of universities are taking steps to set up example approaches that enable communities consortia to provide issue-driven programmes use their own that build intellectual and professional capacity experiment with new management for sound forest management. The objective is to have a knowledgeable faculty from various greater attention to distance learning and the institutions deliver courses, workshops, seminars use of new information technolo and conferences economically throughout the raising awareness of the importance of trees world. The University of British Columbia, and forests, for example by increasing access Canada, for example, is leading an effort to to knowledge about forests and forest-related establish a consortium for international forestry issues for students at the primary and education(University of British Columbia and FAO2002) nges in how forests and are perceived is also one of the mos DECENTRALIZATION OF PUBLIC important challenges for forestry education in ADMINISTRATION OF FORESTS developed countries. This was confirmed at the National governments and international Meeting of International University Forest organizations are increasingly favouring the Education Leaders, held in Vancouver, Canada, in decentralization of authority and resources to 2001, organized by the Faculty of Forestry local governments as a means of fostering University of British Columbia and FAO development while decentralization takes place (University of British Columbia and FAO, 2002). regardless of the level of development, it is Among the various concerns raised, the declining generally a more prominent issue in developing number of forestry students and the dwindling countries. A World Bank study in 1999 estimated support to forestry education in develop that more than 80 percent of all developing countries were stressed. One explanation was the countries and countries with economies in lack of competitive employment opportunities. transition were experimenting with some form of decentralization(Manor, 1999). while this Consortia could fill significant gaps in curricula Many universities are unable to introduce pecialized forestry programmes because of financial constraints, a shortage of staff with the required expertise, or potentially limited enrolment. At the moment, for example, little is Education at all levels forests an achieving sustainable management development goals
33 SECTOR FOREST THE IN DEVELOPMENTS AND SITUATION THE I PART forestry among coordination improved• that so extension and research, education and all to known better become needs the to accessible more becomes knowledge ;population wider interactive and innovative of use more• for, learning and teaching of methods communities enable that approaches example to and knowledge own their use to management new with experiment ;techniques the and learning distance to attention greater• ;technologies information new of use trees of importance the of awareness raising• access increasing by example for, forests and related-forest and forests about knowledge to and primary the at students for issues .levels secondary and forests how in changes to Responding most the of one also is perceived are forestry in education forestry for challenges important the at confirmed was This. countries developed Forest University International of Meeting in, Canada, Vancouver in held, Leaders Education ,Forestry of Faculty the by organized, 2001 FAO and Columbia British of University .(2002, FAO and Columbia British of University( declining the, raised concerns various the Among dwindling the and students forestry of number developed in education forestry to support the was explanation One. stressed were countries .opportunities employment competitive of lack curricula in gaps significant fill could Consortia introduce to unable are universities Many of because programmes forestry specialized the with staff of shortage a, constraints financial limited potentially or, expertise required is little, example for, moment the At. enrolment decisions policy forest how about taught being actions influence arena international the in made such address To. levels local and national the at with collaboration foster and shortcomings ,organizations research international ,others and organizations intergovernmental up set to steps taking are universities of groups programmes driven-issue provide to consortia capacity professional and intellectual build that to is objective The. management forest sound for various from faculty knowledgeable a have seminars, workshops, courses deliver institutions the throughout economically conferences and ,Columbia British of University The. world to effort an leading is, example for, Canada forestry international for consortium a establish and Columbia British of University (education .(2002, FAO PUBLIC OF DECENTRALIZATION FORESTS OF ADMINISTRATION international and governments National the favouring increasingly are organizations to resources and authority of decentralization fostering of means a as governments local place takes decentralization While. development is it, development of level the of regardless developing in issue prominent more a generally estimated 1999 in study Bank World A. countries developing all of percent 80 than more that in economies with countries and countries form some with experimenting were transition this While). 1999, Manor (decentralization of concerning levels all at Education to crucial is trees and forests management sustainable achieving sustainable national and goals development CENINI. P/18405/FAO
STATE OF THE WORLDs FORESTs 2003 trend is less marked in the forest sector its Decentralization is a long-term process mportance is expected to grow considerably in many cases conclusions cannot be drawn from the near future the results to date. However successful Local governance can provide a unique implementation will likely require substantial opportunity to combat poverty while fostering building of local skills in organization, better management of the environment and the negotiation, management and accounting. It is forest resource, because authorities living close to also necessary to develop clear regulatory the many people who depend on forests are in a frameworks, to define responsibilities and good position to address local needs. Successful competences, to transfer decision-making regional share of income from forests, resulted in capacity to support an effective centry s.The efforts have enhanced participation, increased the powers and to secure access to resource better delivery of services and improved the monitoring and accountability system is also sustainability of forests(Hitchcock, 2001) critical to ensuring that decentralized However, there can also be drawbacks(see Box administrations are indeed providing the expected services To build on the positive aspects, international Although progress is being made, gaps in organizations are helping countries to improve information prevent an accurate global decentralization policy and implementation and assessment of the changes taking place. Work is the conditions for success. Efforts include analysis therefore under way by FAO and others to which national forest programmes can make that are decentralizing their forest sectors, the S of accountability processes, exploration of ways compile information on the number of countr decentralization more effective and equitable, and extent and type of resources transferred, the development of methodologies to assess which nature of responsibilities involved, the status of institutional capacities are needed in the forest implementation and the relationship with sector to put the concept into practice decentralization models in other sectors. as a more complete picture becomes available, it will help shed light on the conditions that favour or Decentralization brings risks and raises new issues SHARING BENEFITS FROM FORESTS In addition to supplying wood and non-wood products and services to individuals, forests provide common benefits to all or part of Lack of accountability and institutional capacity on the part of society. Over time, institutional and regulatory local governments could result in breaches of authority. arrangements have resulted in a greater degre The critical need for financial resources could increase the rate of shared utilization and have generally also of deforestation fostered a wider and more equitable The cost of extemalities(with activities from one sector having distribution of benefits. Where forest land is still negative impact outside the sector)could fall on a particular predominantly State-owned in developing region or group of communities rather than on society as a countries, such arrangements are less common While local communities often rely on forest New laws could interfere with customary rules and local mod- goods and services for subsistence and income els of resource management. generation, ways of sharing the common Decision-making might not be passed effectively to the local benefits are not as well defined. For example, level the collection and sale of unprocessed forest The interests of some groups might not be adequately taken products may yield fewer benefits to local into consideration populations than to other parties. To improve such situations, monetary and non-monetary
2003 FORESTS S’WORLD THE OF STATE 34 its, sector forest the in marked less is trend in considerably grow to expected is importance .future near the unique a provide can governance Local fostering while poverty combat to opportunity the and environment the of management better to close living authorities because, resource forest a in are forests on depend who people many the Successful. needs local address to position good the increased, participation enhanced have efforts in resulted, forests from income of share regional the improved and services of delivery better .(2001, Hitchcock (forests of sustainability Box see (drawbacks be also can there, However .(below international, aspects positive the on build To improve to countries helping are organizations and implementation and policy decentralization analysis include Efforts. success for conditions the ways of exploration, processes accountability of make can programmes forest national which in and, equitable and effective more decentralization which assess to methodologies of development forest the in needed are capacities institutional .practice into concept the put to sector in and process term-long a is Decentralization from drawn be cannot conclusions cases many successful, However. date to results the substantial require likely will implementation ,organization in skills local of building is It. accounting and management, negotiation regulatory clear develop to necessary also and responsibilities define to, frameworks making-decision transfer to, competences The. resources to access secure to and powers central effective an support to capacity also is system accountability and monitoring decentralized that ensuring to critical the providing indeed are administrations .services expected in gaps, made being is progress Although global accurate an prevent information is Work. place taking changes the of assessment to others and FAO by way under therefore countries of number the on information compile the, sectors forest their decentralizing are that the, transferred resources of type and extent of status the, involved responsibilities of nature with relationship the and implementation a As. sectors other in models decentralization will it, available becomes picture complete more or favour that conditions the on light shed help .decentralization hamper FORESTS FROM BENEFITS SHARING wood-non and wood supplying to addition In forests, individuals to services and products of part or all to benefits common provide regulatory and institutional, time Over. society degree greater a in resulted have arrangements also generally have and utilization shared of equitable more and wider a fostered still is land forest Where. benefits of distribution developing in owned-State predominantly .common less are arrangements such, countries forest on rely often communities local While income and subsistence for services and goods common the sharing of ways, generation ,example For. defined well as not are benefits forest unprocessed of sale and collection the local to benefits fewer yield may products improve To. parties other to than populations monetary-non and monetary, situations such of part the on capacity institutional and accountability of Lack• .authority of breaches in result could governments local rate the increase could resources financial for need critical The• .deforestation of having sector one from activities with (externalities of cost The• particular a on fall could) sector the outside impact negative a a as society on than rather communities of group or region .whole .management resource of elsmod local and rules customary with interfere could laws New• local the to effectively passed be not might making-Decision• .level taken adequately be not might groups some of interests The• .consideration into issues new raises and risks brings Decentralization
PART I THE SITUATION AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FOREST SECTOR Support to private and community forestry in Central and Eastern Europe Since 1990, when privatization began in Central and Eastern sity within the same context. Taking the collaborative approach Europe, new forest ownership pattens have called for: one step further, FAO and IUCN are jointly developing a significantnumbersofprivate owners toorganizethemselves; programme to strengthen State forest services, to support forest State forest services to respond to new demands owners'associations, to assist with improving policy, legislative the institutional framework to adapt to current realities. and institutional frameworks, and to enhance the role of civil In response, FAO andthe World Conservation Union(IUCN), society in policy formulation and in the political debate on in consultation with country partners, have developed two sustainable forest management. The project will also benefit projects that share a vision of sustainable forestry in the region. from the technical support of the European Confederation of The FAO initiative focuses on strengthening private and com- Forest Owners, whose network is expanding in Central and munity forestry, while that of IUCN addresses biological diver- Eastern Europe arrangements, covering the short, medium or (NWFPs)used by the botanical medicine, long term, attempt to balance the interests of personal care, cosmetic and food industries those involved and to promote fair and Some trade initiatives strengthen local equitable sharing communities by focusing on a fair return, The sharing of profits from the sale of wood adequate benefits, tenure and customary rights, products can be partly addressed through and healthy work environments collaborative approaches to forest management Various benefit-sharing arrangements have also in which responsibilities are transferred to local been negotiated between pharmaceutical management. However, such transfers do not valuable natural biochemical and genetie e the ties. for forestry, social forestry or joint forest search for trade opportunities in commerc automatically increase the benefits to local resources(bioprospecting). Arrangements inhabitants. In the past, many revenue-sharing covering bioprospecting aim to ensure that the initiatives took place in forests where timb property rights of the providers of genetic production was limited so that the main resources and traditional know ledge are benefits shared were from non-wood products. respected, and that the benefits are equitably However, recent examples, such as those in distributed among members of the partnership, Chattisgarh, India(Sharma, 2002),are including local communities, governments and demonstrating that returns from forests are private companies. Other arrangements cover the being shared successfully, resulting in better increasing trade in environmental services, such management of the resource. New mechanisms credits for carbon sinks, and in wildlife products, based on enforced regulations and including photo safaris and trophy hunting decentralized fiscal systems are also These approaches have good pot encouraging, in that local populations obtain a strengthening local communities and contributing rger share of revenue from the sale of to the socially equitable, environmentally friendly fuelwood and other activities and economically viable use of forest products Benefit-sharing arrangements also cover a and services. However, implementation is still a wide range of non-wood forest products challenge, and additional efforts are required to
35 SECTOR FOREST THE IN DEVELOPMENTS AND SITUATION THE I PART or medium, short the covering, arrangements of interests the balance to attempt, term long and fair promote to and involved those .sharing equitable wood of sale the from profits of sharing The through addressed partly be can products management forest to approaches collaborative local to transferred are responsibilities which in community through example for, communities forest joint or forestry social, forestry not do transfers such, However. management local to benefits the increase automatically sharing-revenue many, past the In. inhabitants timber where forests in place took initiatives main the that so, limited was production .products wood-non from were shared benefits in those as such, examples recent, However are), 2002, Sharma (India, Chattisgarh are forests from returns that demonstrating better in resulting, successfully shared being mechanisms New. resource the of management and regulations enforced on based also are systems fiscal decentralized a obtain populations local that in, encouraging of sale the from revenue of share larger .activities other and fuelwood a cover also arrangements sharing-Benefit products forest wood-non of range wide Eastern and Central in began privatization when, 1990 Since :for called have patterns ownership forest new, Europe ;themselves organize to owners private of numbers significant• ;demands new to respond to services forest State• .realities current to adapt to framework institutional the• ,(IUCN (Union Conservation World the and FAO, response In two developed have, partners country with consultation in .region the in forestry sustainable of vision a share that projects approach collaborative the Taking. context same the within sitydiver biological addresses IUCN of that while, forestry munitycom and private strengthening on focuses initiative FAO The a developing jointly are IUCN and FAO, further step one forest support to, services forest State strengthen to programme legislative, policy improving with assist to, associations’ owners civil of role the enhance to and, frameworks institutional and on debate political the in and formulation policy in society benefit also will project The. management forest sustainable of Confederation European the of support technical the from and Central in expanding is network whose, Owners Forest .Europe Eastern Europe Eastern and Central in forestry community and private to Support ,medicine botanical the by used) NWFPs( .industries food and cosmetic, care personal local strengthen initiatives trade Some ,return fair a on focusing by communities ,rights customary and tenure, benefits adequate .environments work healthy and also have arrangements sharing-benefit Various pharmaceutical between negotiated been the cover to governments certain and companies commercially in opportunities trade for search genetic and biochemical natural valuable Arrangements). bioprospecting (resources the that ensure to aim bioprospecting covering genetic of providers the of rights property are knowledge traditional and resources equitably are benefits the that and, respected ,partnership the of members among distributed and governments, communities local including the cover arrangements Other. companies private as such, services environmental in trade increasing ,products wildlife in and, sinks carbon for credits .hunting trophy and safaris photo including for potential good have approaches These contributing and communities local strengthening friendly environmentally, equitable socially the to products forest of use viable economically and a still is implementation, However. services and to required are efforts additional and, challenge
STATE OF THE WORLDs FORESTs 2003 strengthen political stability and establish The following are some of the key events of the appropriate legal and institutional frameworks past two years. As a first step, more information is needed on Ministers from countries in east Asia and the how benefits are shared as a basis on which to Pacific met in Bali, Indonesia at the Forest Law build political will-a prerequisite for Enforcement and Governance( FLeg)east implementation of the concept Benefit sharing Asia Ministerial Conference and, for the first also needs to be linked to democratic decision- time, committed their governments to making at the national, regional and local levels. improving law enforcement and governa (September 2001) THE FIGHT AGAINST ILLEGAL The International Tropical Timber Council LOGGING AND ILLEGAL TRADE (TTC)proposed to undertake, in Illegal activities in the forest sector were collaboration with others, a global study to highlighted as a key issue in the State of the assess the extent, nature and causes of the World's Forests 2001(FAO, 2001b). Attention to illegal trade in timber and timber products forest crime has grown in the past two years, and and to conduct studies to devise ways for it is being discussed more openly than ever countries to enhance forest law enforcement before. While there are still too few data on illegal(November 2001) forest activities, the World Bank estimates that FAO organized a meeting with illegal logging results in annual losses of between representatives from governments, the US$10 billion and $15 billion of forest resources International Tropical Timber Organization from public lands. The international trade in (ITTO), the World Bank, NGOs and the forest illegally extracted timber is also a serious industry to exchange ideas on compliance em and policy options to reduce forest crime, Governments and NGOs are continuing their and to identify themes for international efforts to curb forest crime, while international action ( anuary 2002). FAO is now examining agencies and policy research institutions are ways of enhancing the contribution of forest stepping up their analyses of its extent and corporations in the prevention, monitoring impact. Several meetings have recently taken and suppression of illegal forest acts, and is place around the world and discussions are also analysing options for establishing generating further interest and additional partnerships to improve governance in the pressure to take action. Some benefit-sharing ar enable local commities to obtain a enviromental services and wildlife (United Republic of Tanzania
2003 FORESTS S’WORLD THE OF STATE 36 establish and stability political strengthen .frameworks institutional and legal appropriate on needed is information more, step first a As to which on basis a as, shared are benefits how for prerequisite a – will political build sharing Benefit. concept the of implementation .levels local and regional, national the at makingdecision democratic to linked be to needs also ILLEGAL AGAINST FIGHT THE TRADE ILLEGAL AND LOGGING were sector forest the in activities Illegal the of State the in issue key a as highlighted to Attention). 2001b, FAO (2001 Forests s’World and, years two past the in grown has crime forest ever than openly more discussed being is it illegal on data few too still are there While. before that estimates Bank World the, activities forest between of losses annual in results logging illegal resources forest of billion 15 $and billion 10$US in trade international The. lands public from serious a also is timber extracted illegally .problem their continuing are NGOs and Governments international while, crime forest curb to efforts are institutions research policy and agencies and extent its of analyses their up stepping taken recently have meetings Several. impact are discussions and world the around place additional and interest further generating .action take to pressure the of events key the of some are following The .years two past the and Asia East in countries from Ministers• Law Forest the at Indonesia, Bali in met Pacific East) FLEG (Governance and Enforcement first the for, and Conference Ministerial Asia to governments their committed, time governance and enforcement law improving .(2001 September (sector forest the in Council Timber Tropical International The• in, undertake to proposed) ITTC( to study global a, others with collaboration the of causes and nature, extent the assess products timber and timber in trade illegal for ways devise to studies conduct to and enforcement law forest enhance to countries .(2001 November( with meeting a organized FAO• the, governments from representatives Organization Timber Tropical International forest the and NGOs, Bank World the), ITTO( compliance on ideas exchange to industry ,crime forest reduce to options policy and international for themes identify to and examining now is FAO). 2002 January (action forest of contribution the enhancing of ways monitoring, prevention the in corporations is and, acts forest illegal of suppression and establishing for options analysing also the in governance improve to partnerships .sector arrangements sharing-benefit Some a obtain to communities local enable in trade increasing the from return fair wildlife and services environmental safaris photo as such, products DUNN. K/17368/FAO (Tanzania of Republic United(
PART I THE SITUATION AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FOREST SECTOR Ministers responsible for forests agreed on the need to act urgently and issued a declaration at the second session of the United Nations International Council of Forest and Paper Associations Forum on Forests(UNFF), asking the World a forum for global dialogu for "immediate action on domestic forest law enforcement and illegal international trade The International Council of Forest and Paper Associations was forest products"(March 2002) a technical session was held in Cambodia to formed in April 2002 to promote sustainable forest management and sustainably produced forest goods. Its members are national discuss ways of recording the custody of organizations committed to forest practices that meet sound envi- harvested wood so that ownership could ronmental, social and economic objectives. As a forum for global be tracked and compliance determined dialogue, coordination and cooperation among forest and paper (March 2002) associations the council facilitates discussion on matters of com- The sixth Conference of the Parties to the mon concern, develops positions on issues of mutual interest and Convention on Biological Diversity adopted collaborates on the exchange of statistics. As the need arises, task an expanded Programme of Work on Forest forces are established to address specific issues and to provide Biological Diversity that includes activities to advice to members improve forest governance and law enforcement(April 2002). The European Commission organized an international workshop to identify several addition, consumer and producing/exporting proposals for future action, including countries are undertaking joint initiatives to verification mechanisms, import controls for combat the illegal trade in forest products, whic illegally extracted wood and ways of could serve as a basis for broader international criminalizing related international trade arrangements. Private industry is showing its (April 2002) concern over the fact that illegal forest products As a follow-up to the East Asian ministerial place legally produced ones at a competitive meeting held in September 2001, a regional disadvantage. For this and other reasons, the task force met to discuss implementation of recently established International Council of the ministerial Declaration( may 2002) Forest and Paper associations issued a formal IttC decided to assist with efforts to improve statement committing members to work with knowledge about forest concessions and all interested groups to find solutions to the protected area management in the Central growing problem. African Republic, the Democratic Republic of The fight against forest crime, once the the Congo and the Congo(May 2002) exclusive domain of national governments, has The World Bank and the Government of the expanded to include business concerns The G8, concerned with illegal logging since trade, and their efforts are meeting wie y e. g Congo co-hosted a meeting to plan a international agencies and major NGOs Inde ministerial session on forest law enforcement international NGOs are at the cutting edge of the and governance in Africa une 2002) global campaign against illegal logging 1998, declared at its meeting in Kananaskis, creasing success. Progress is also being made Canada, that it will work to monitor and on several other fronts, including the ddress the illegal exploitation and establishment of regional and bilateral international transfer of natural resources agreements in various parts of the world. The from africa which fuel armed conflicts extent to which the situation improves over th including timber une 2002) next few years will be an indication of the Many developing countries are making efforts commitment of governments and their part to improve compliance with forest legislation. In to bringing about positive change in this area
37 SECTOR FOREST THE IN DEVELOPMENTS AND SITUATION THE I PART the on agreed forests for responsible Ministers• declaration a issued and urgently act to need Nations United the of session second the at World the asking), UNFF (Forests on Forum call to Development Sustainable on Summit law forest domestic on action immediate “for in trade international illegal and enforcement .(2002 March” (products forest to Cambodia in held was session technical A• of custody the recording of ways discuss could ownership that so wood harvested determined compliance and tracked be .(2002 March( the to Parties the of Conference sixth The• adopted Diversity Biological on Convention Forest on Work of Programme expanded an to activities includes that Diversity Biological law and governance forest improve .(2002 April (enforcement an organized Commission European The• several identify to workshop international including, action future for proposals for controls import, mechanisms verification of ways and wood extracted illegally trade international related criminalizing .(2002 April( ministerial Asian East the to up-follow a As• regional a, 2001 September in held meeting of implementation discuss to met force task .(2002 May (Declaration Ministerial the improve to efforts with assist to decided ITTC• and concessions forest about knowledge Central the in management area protected of Republic Democratic the, Republic African .(2002 May (Congo the and Congo the the of Government the and Bank World The• a plan to meeting a hosted-co Congo enforcement law forest on session ministerial .(2002 June (Africa in governance and since logging illegal with concerned, G8 The• ,Kananaskis in meeting its at declared, 1998 and monitor to work will it that, Canada and exploitation illegal the address resources natural of transfer international ,conflicts armed fuel which Africa from .(2002 June (timber including efforts making are countries developing Many In. legislation forest with compliance improve to exporting/producing and consumer, addition to initiatives joint undertaking are countries which, products forest in trade illegal the combat international broader for basis a as serve could its showing is industry Private. arrangements products forest illegal that fact the over concern competitive a at ones produced legally place the, reasons other and this For. disadvantage of Council International established recently formal a issued Associations Paper and Forest with work to members committing statement the to solutions find to groups interested all .problem growing the once, crime forest against fight The has, governments national of domain exclusive ,concerns business include to expanded ,Indeed. NGOs major and agencies international the of edge cutting the at are NGOs international and logging illegal against campaign global with meeting are efforts their and, trade made being also is Progress. success increasing the including, fronts other several on bilateral and regional of establishment The. world the of parts various in agreements the over improves situation the which to extent the of indication an be will years few next partners their and governments of commitment .area this in change positive about bringing to was Associations Paper and Forest of Council International The management forest sustainable promote to 2002 April in formed national are members Its. goods forest produced sustainably and global for forum a As. objectives economic and social, ronmentalenvi sound meet that practices forest to committed organizations paper and forest among cooperation and coordination, dialogue and interest mutual of issues on positions develops, concern moncom of matters on discussion facilitates council the, associations task, arises need the As. statistics of exchange the on collaborates provide to and issues specific address to established are forces .members to advice :Associations Paper and Forest of Council International dialogue global for forum a
STATE OF THE WORLDs FORESTs 2003 Current trends are expected to continue as uncertainty, maximize synergies and minimize countries, institutions and organizations step up undesirable effects their collaborative efforts to curb illegal Currently, the debate on cross-sectoral linka activities In all probability, private corporations in forestry tends to focus on those influencing will adopt more stringent policies to differentiate deforestation in the tropics. However, many other between honest and dishonest operators, important linkages affect a variety of forest translating this into market advantages. These functions. At the same time, the positive effects of efforts, combined with pressure exerted by forest policies on other sectors are often treated as informed consumers, will make it increasingly external benefits rather than as part of a cross- difficult for illegally extracted forest products to sectoral dialogue. The multiple functions of find a place on the market forests and the positive effects of non-commodity outputs must therefore be carefully considered, IMPROVING CROSS-SECTORAL both nationally and internationally LINKAGES WITH REGARD TO FORESTS Government policies and development Cross-sectoral linkages objectives can have a profound impact on forest A recent evaluation by the World Bank(2000)of management,often in unexpected ways. While its forest project portfolio revealed that policies in the forest sector shape results on the interventions in other sectors affected forests and ground, those outside the sector can have an trees to a greater degree than the World Banks even greater impact. In the face of globalization, interventions in the forest sector itself. For these effects are no longer limited to national example, this and other studies show that action. Policy-makers have shown growing structural adjustments to reduce government interest in assessing the effects of external factors lary expenditure may have been desirable on the forest sector, and vice versa, based on the from a fiscal viewpoint but resulted in a idea that a better understanding of the impact of reduced capacity to carry out regulatory changes across sectors can help reduce New forest sector policy and strategy of the world Bank In October 2002, the board and Executive Directors of the .inte grating forests into sustainable econom World Bank approved a new strategy and operational policy ment In client countries, forests are often mismanaged and for the forest sector. These recognize that forests are critical suffer from poor governance and illegal activities, which in alleviating poverty and developing sustainable econo- reduce their value and potential contribution to sustain- mies and environments. They are thus built on three interde- able economic development. The strategy proposes vari- pendent components ous approaches to address these issues Harnessing the potential of forests to reduce poverty.. Protecting vital localand global forest services and values Studies, field experience and consultations all confirm The new strategy is closely linked to the World Banks new that forests are crucial for alleviating poverty in many of environmental and rural development strategies. It ac- the World Bank's client countries-those with ample knowledges the importance of cross-sectoral impacts, the forest resources as well as those with few. Future World need to incorporate ecosystem protection issues into Bank involvement in this area and its broader economic broader national programmes and the need to work more engagement are delineated in the strategy. ffectively with development partners
2003 FORESTS S’WORLD THE OF STATE 38 as continue to expected are trends Current up step organizations and institutions, countries illegal curb to efforts collaborative their corporations private, probability all In. activities differentiate to policies stringent more adopt will ,operators dishonest and honest between These. advantages market into this translating by exerted pressure with combined, efforts increasingly it make will, consumers informed to products forest extracted illegally for difficult .market the on place a find SECTORAL-CROSS IMPROVING FORESTS TO REGARD WITH LINKAGES development and policies Government forest on impact profound a have can objectives While. ways unexpected in often, management the on results shape sector forest the in policies an have can sector the outside those, ground ,globalization of face the In. impact greater even national to limited longer no are effects these growing shown have makers-Policy. action factors external of effects the assessing in interest the on based, versa vice and, sector forest the on of impact the of understanding better a that idea reduce help can sectors across changes minimize and synergies maximize, uncertainty .effects undesirable linkages sectoral-cross on debate the, Currently influencing those on focus to tends forestry in other many, However. tropics the in deforestation forest of variety a affect linkages important of effects positive the, time same the At. functions as treated often are sectors other on policies forest of functions multiple The. dialogue sectoralcross a of part as than rather benefits external commodity-non of effects positive the and forests ,considered carefully be therefore must outputs .internationally and nationally both linkages sectoral-Cross of) 2000 (Bank World the by evaluation recent A that revealed portfolio project forest its and forests affected sectors other in interventions s’Bank World the than degree greater a to trees For. itself sector forest the in interventions :that show studies other and this, example government reduce to adjustments structural• desirable been have may expenditure salary a in resulted but viewpoint fiscal a from regulatory out carry to capacity reduced ;functions the of Directors Executive and Board the, 2002 October In policy operational and strategy new a approved Bank World critical are forests that recognize These. sector forest the for .components pendentinterde three on built thus are They. environments and miesecono sustainable developing and poverty alleviating in .poverty reduce to forests of potential the Harnessing• confirm all consultations and experience field, Studies of many in poverty alleviating for crucial are forests that ample with those – countries client s’Bank World the World Future. few with those as well as resources forest economic broader its and area this in involvement Bank .strategy the in delineated are engagement and mismanaged often are forests, countries client In.mentdevelop economic sustainable into forests grating Inte• which, activities illegal and governance poor from suffer .issues these address to approaches ousvari proposes strategy The. development economic ablesustain to contribution potential and value their reduce .values and services forest global and local vital Protecting• new s’Bank World the to linked closely is strategy new The the, impacts sectoral-cross of importance the knowledgesac It. strategies development rural and environmental into issues protection ecosystem incorporate to need more work to need the and programmes national broader .partners development with effectively Bank World the of strategy and policy sector forest New
PART I THE SITUATION AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FOREST SECTOR improved roads to stimulate economic growth problems and to use the comparative advantages have attracted land-poor migrants who then of each sector requires coordination. Recent clear forests for agriculture; international attempts in this direction include the an increased demand for power has resulted decision of major donors to help to alleviate in pressure to clear forest land to build more poverty through sectoral interventions and da structural adjustments, and the improvement of Conversely, forest policies have a direct impact linkages through regulatory and legislative on other sectors, particularly agriculture(in terms measures, as reflected in efforts by global treaties of soil and water conservation) and conventions to deal jointly with related ectors are also linked by issues of common sues. This trend is consistent with that towards concern, including poverty alleviation, food globalization security, social equity, freedom of choice and access to resources problems in these areas Decision-making processes for resource cannot be resolved unilaterally, but forestry can allocation provide an entry point, as a recent seminar on Most countries rely wholly or in part on market forestry and poverty alleviation concluded (see forces for the allocation of resources and the Box on p. 69). Collaboration to tackle common linking of economic activities among sectors The forestry-poverty alleviation nexus The interface among agriculture, forests, water and food secu- rural people live. Evidence shows that rural people are aware ity is central to achieving sustainable development, and both of the opportunities to incorporate trees and forests into their the positive and the negative aspects of these links should be livelihoods and farming systems, justifying stronger policies taken into account. In the process of bringing agricultural and that will forestry policies closer through constructive discussion, two increase support for agroforestry with a focus on research points need d to be considered and extension of technology that promotes income gen- eration and sustainable supplies of the food, fibre, fodder populations is the main reason for deforestation. However and fuel required by local rural populations and by those such expansion is often the result of food insecurity and pov- erty. This widespread problem justifies establishing stronger strengthen local participation in decision-making andshar tegrated policies, that will gof the benefits of forest conservation, including benefits improve control over resources, opportunities to earn a from forested watersheds where the involvement of local living and food security; people is often a key to success remove perverse subsidies that encourage large-scale ex- gthen the ability of poor farmers to obtain needed pansion of commercial ranching and agriculture credit, to have access to markets, to use the most appropri develop new technological and institutional packages that technologies)and increase productivity within the context of sustainab to participate in training and extension services to spread agriculture and agroforestry to relieve pressure on forests technologies that often sit on researchers' shelves; Second, forests can help to reduce food insecurity, alleviate .strengthen institutional, market and financial mechanisms poverty, improve the sustainability of agricultural production that expand opportunities for off-farm employment, for nd enhance the environment in which many impoverish example in forest-or tree-based enterprises
39 SECTOR FOREST THE IN DEVELOPMENTS AND SITUATION THE I PART growth economic stimulate to roads improved• then who migrants poor-land attracted have ;agriculture for forests clear resulted has power for demand increased an• more build to land forest clear to pressure in .dams impact direct a have policies forest, Conversely terms in (agriculture particularly, sectors other on .(conservation water and soil of common of issues by linked also are Sectors food, alleviation poverty including, concern and choice of freedom, equity social, security areas these in Problems. resources to access can forestry but, unilaterally resolved be cannot on seminar recent a as, point entry an provide see (concluded alleviation poverty and forestry common tackle to Collaboration). 69. p on Box advantages comparative the use to and problems Recent. coordination requires sector each of the include direction this in attempts international alleviate to help to donors major of decision and interventions sectoral through poverty of improvement the and, adjustments structural legislative and regulatory through linkages treaties global by efforts in reflected as, measures related with jointly deal to conventions and towards that with consistent is trend This. issues .globalization resource for processes making-Decision allocation market on part in or wholly rely countries Most the and resources of allocation the for forces sectors among activities economic of linking both and, development sustainable achieving to central is ritysecu food and water, forests, agriculture among interface The be should links these of aspects negative the and positive the and agricultural bringing of process the In. account into taken two, discussion constructive through closer policies forestry .considered be to need points key growing feed to expansion livestock and agricultural, First ,However. deforestation for reason main the is populations stronger establishing justifies problem widespread This. ertypov and insecurity food of result the often is expansion such :will that, policies integrated a earn to opportunities, resources over control improve• ;security food and living ;agriculture and ranching commercial of pansionex scale-large encourage that subsidies perverse remove• that packages institutional and technological new develop• sustainable of context the within productivity increase .forests on pressure relieve to agroforestry and agriculture alleviate, insecurity food reduce to help can forests, Second production agricultural of sustainability the improve, poverty impoverished many which in environment the enhance and aware are people rural that shows Evidence. live people rural their into forests and trees incorporate to opportunities the of policies stronger justifying, systems farming and livelihoods :will that research on focus a with agroforestry for support increase• fodder, fibre, food the of supplies sustainable and erationgen income promotes that technology of extension and those by and populations rural local by required fuel and ;them purchase can who cities in benefits including, conservation forest of benefits the of ingshar and making-decision in participation local strengthen• local of involvement the where, watersheds forested from ;success to key a often is people needed obtain to farmers poor of ability the strengthen• and) technologies harvest-post including (technology ateappropri most the use to, markets to access have to, credit spread to services extension and training in participate to ;shelves’ researchers on sit often that technologies mechanisms financial and market, institutional strengthen• for, employment farm-off for opportunities expand that .enterprises based-tree or- forest in example nexus alleviation poverty–forestry The
STATE OF THE WORLDs FORESTs 2003 through prices that reflect supply and demand, Sharing information and knowledge to foster especially if the market is open and competitive links Indeed, the market is well placed to regulate In addition to deep-rooted institutional barriers, commodities that have a market price. On the many problems associated with sectoral linkages and environmel stem from a lack of communication and services related to such activities as carbon transparency. Governments and organizations sequestration, biological diversity conservation, need to ensure that information and knowledge erosion control and watershed protection are not are neutral, objective and widely disseminated normally traded. There have been many studies on in a timely manner. Policy proposals and plans evaluating these services, which could be a basis need to be made accessible before decisions are for marketing, although little use has been made of made, so that representatives from all sectors can them so far. Even if a value is calculated for public contribute meaningfully to the dialogue and services, neither the public nor governments have required interventions demonstrated a willingness to pay or pro For those who have the resources to acces full cost for environmental services, as they are use modern technology, it can be a powerful tool doing for such other services as health and social for sharing information and knowledge welfare. There are, however, a few cases in Europe However, as technology becomes increasingly where public services are supplied to local sophisticated, there is a real risk that decision- markets, e.g. municipalities, at rates that may be pro The public services provided by forests are also therefore, is a method of screening data for g beneficia nles are wi illing to pay overabundance of information what is needed maintained through regulations or incentives, such relevance, accuracy and timeliness. Formal and as laws on the use of riverine forests to ensure a informal networks or communities of specialists stable source of clean water. State ownership and and practitioners can be of assistance her anagement of forests, especially in tropical While useful, new technology is not always countries, is another way of making services available to a large part of civil society, available to the public. This allows the government particularly rural communities in developing to decide on measures to control erosion and countries. traditional forms of communication protect watersheds as well as to pay for such must therefore supplement the digital flow of activities as tree planting in shelterbelts or along information. Another important consideration is and maintaining forests that provide the need to tailor information to specific blic services. Examples of efforts to provide audiences and sectors. For example, unless they environmental services at the global level include are articulated in monetary terms, the national implementation of the conventions on environmental and social services provided by biological diversity and climate change forests will not receive the attention they warrant When government interventions are used to from ministries of finance or financial institutions provide public services in one sector, there may Perhaps the most important contribution that be undesirable impacts in other sectors if the the forest community can make to narrowing the effects have not been properly considered In the communication gap is to provide information on past, consultation and coordination were carried the significance and benefits of forests to other out by intersectoral committees or specific sectors and to society as a whole, so that policy. sectoral agencies to avoid such situations makers and the public will understand the need However, a new trend is emerging in which to support sustainable forest management. interested parties interact before decisions are Quantifying the benefits will make it easier to taken. This is also a result of society's increased reach agreement on cost sharing. Furthermore, involvement in environment and equity issues capacity building, efficient institutions and and of the increased opportunities offered by transparent policy dialogue could increase the new information technologies availability and use of information and
2003 FORESTS S’WORLD THE OF STATE 40 ,demand and supply reflect that prices through .competitive and open is market the if especially regulate to placed well is market the, Indeed the On. price market a have that commodities public environmental and social, hand other carbon as activities such to related services ,conservation diversity biological, sequestration not are protection watershed and control erosion on studies many been have There. traded normally basis a be could which, services these evaluating of made been has use little although, marketing for public for calculated is value a if Even. far so them have governments nor public the neither, services the provide or pay to willingness a demonstrated are they as, services environmental for cost full social and health as services other such for doing Europe in cases few a, however, are There. welfare local to supplied are services public where that rates at, municipalities. g.e, markets .pay to willing are beneficiaries also are forests by provided services public The such, incentives or regulations through maintained a ensure to forests riverine of use the on laws as and ownership State. water clean of source stable tropical in especially, forests of management services making of way another is, countries government the allows This. public the to available and erosion control to measures on decide to such for pay to as well as watersheds protect along or shelterbelts in planting tree as activities provide that forests maintaining and streams provide to efforts of Examples. services public include level global the at services environmental on conventions the of implementation national .change climate and diversity biological to used are interventions government When may there, sector one in services public provide the if sectors other in impacts undesirable be the In. considered properly been not have effects carried were coordination and consultation, past specific or committees intersectoral by out .situations such avoid to agencies sectoral which in emerging is trend new a, However are decisions before interact parties interested increased s’society of result a also is This. taken issues equity and environment in involvement by offered opportunities increased the of and .technologies information new foster to knowledge and information Sharing links ,barriers institutional rooted-deep to addition In linkages sectoral with associated problems many and communication of lack a from stem organizations and Governments. transparency knowledge and information that ensure to need disseminated widely and objective, neutral are plans and proposals Policy. manner timely a in are decisions before accessible made be to need can sectors all from representatives that so, made and dialogue the to meaningfully contribute .interventions required and acces to resources the have who those For tool powerful a be can it, technology modern use .knowledge and information sharing for increasingly becomes technology as, However an with provided be may makersdecision that risk real a is there, sophisticated ,needed is What. information of overabundance for data screening of method a is, therefore and Formal. timeliness and accuracy, relevance specialists of communities or networks informal .here assistance of be can practitioners and always not is technology new, useful While ,society civil of part large a to available developing in communities rural particularly communication of forms Traditional. countries of flow digital the supplement therefore must is consideration important Another. information specific to information tailor to need the they unless, example For. sectors and audiences the, terms monetary in articulated are by provided services social and environmental warrant they attention the receive not will forests .institutions financial or finance of ministries from that contribution important most the Perhaps the narrowing to make can community forest the on information provide to is gap communication other to forests of benefits and significance the need the understand will public the and makerspolicy that so, whole a as society to and sectors .management forest sustainable support to to easier it make will benefits the Quantifying ,Furthermore. sharing cost on agreement reach a and institutions efficient, building capacity the increase could dialogue policy transparent and information of use and availability
PART I THE SITUATION AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FOREST SECTOR knowledge. These are key objectives of the REFERENCES National Forest Programme Facility(see p. 55) FAO. 2001a. Report of the Expert Consultation on Forestry The way ahead Education. Rabat, morocco, 17-19 October 2001 The forest community can complement more conventional means of addressing cross-sectoral FAO. 2001b. State of the World's Forests 2001.Rome issues by alerting other sectors to the need for Hitchcock, RK2001.Decentralization,development, and recautionary and remedial action when their natural resource management in the northwestern interventions are likely to have undesirable Kalahari Desert, Botswana. Washington, DC, United needed so that forest institutions can provide o effects on forests and trees. Capacity building States Agency for International Development (USAID) decision-makers with evidence of such potential Manor, ]. 1999. The political economy of democratic effects. However, not only must forestry decentralization. Washington, DC, World Bank. professionals be sufficiently prepared, but civil Sharma, R.C. 2002. Changes in concepts and society at large must also be empowered to act approaches to forest management in India. Seminar so that public intervention can address cross- presentation, Chattisgarh, India, 28 May sectoral effects adequately, in particular those University of British Columbia&FAO.2002.Meeting that market forces alone cannot dictate of International LIniversity Forest Education Leaders Anumber of initiatives have recently been Vancouver, BC Canada, 4 December 2001 launched to raise awareness of the importance of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, University of identifying and addressing cross-sectoral issue British Columbia, Faculty of Forestry. (In press) in a comprehensive manner and of the need to World Bank. 2000. The World Bank Forest Strategy improve knowledge and capacity in this regard. striking the right balance, by ULele, NKumar,S.A Experience to date confirms the need to share Husain, A. Zazueta L. Kelly. Washington, DC information in a transparent and timely way and soavailableatwww.worldbank.org/oed).+ to collaborate closely among sectors. The various sectors must: identify sectors and players that have common exchange information and knowledge on policies, emerging issues and plans monitor progress and respond proactively to policy and legislation initiatives in other sectors propose revisions to policies and legislation to address concerns support cross-sectoral scientific policy analysis( quantitative, so far as possible); strengthen institutions, ote the full involvement of forest sector stakeholders and civil society
41 SECTOR FOREST THE IN DEVELOPMENTS AND SITUATION THE I PART the of objectives key are These. knowledge .(55. p see (Facility Programme Forest National ahead way The more complement can community forest The sectoral-cross addressing of means conventional for need the to sectors other alerting by issues their when action remedial and precautionary undesirable have to likely are interventions is building Capacity. trees and forests on effects provide can institutions forest that so needed potential such of evidence with makers-decision forestry must only not, However. effects civil but, prepared sufficiently be professionals ,act to empowered be also must large at society those particular in, adequately effects sectoralcross address can intervention public that so .dictate cannot alone forces market that been recently have initiatives of number A of importance the of awareness raise to launched issues sectoral-cross addressing and identifying to need the of and manner comprehensive a in .regard this in capacity and knowledge improve share to need the confirms date to Experience and way timely and transparent a in information various The. sectors among closely collaborate to :must sectors common have that players and sectors identify• ;goals and interests specific than rather on knowledge and information exchange• ;plans and issues emerging, policies to proactively respond and progress monitor• other in initiatives legislation and policy ;sectors legislation and policies to revisions propose• ;concerns address to policy scientific sectoral-cross support• ;(possible as far so, quantitative (analysis ;institutions strengthen• sector forest of involvement full the promote• ◆ .society civil and stakeholders REFERENCES Forestry on Consultation Expert the of Report. 2001a. FAO .2001 October 19–17, Morocco, Rabat. Education .Rome .Rome. 2001 Forests s’World the of State. 2001b. FAO and, development, Decentralization. 2001. K.R, Hitchcock northwestern the in management resource natural United, DC, Washington. Botswana, Desert Kalahari Development International for Agency States .(USAID( democratic of economy political The. 1999. J, Manor .Bank World, DC, Washington. decentralization and concepts in Changes. 2002. C.R, Sharma Seminar. India in management forest to approaches .May 28, India, Chattisgarh, presentation Meeting. 2002. FAO & Columbia British of University .Leaders Education Forest University International of .2001 December 4, Canada, BC, Vancouver of University, Canada, Columbia British, Vancouver (press In. (Forestry of Faculty, Columbia British – Strategy Forest Bank World The. 2000. Bank World .A.S, Kumar. N, Lele. U by, balance right the striking DC, Washington. Kelly. L & Zazueta. A, Husain ◆ .(oed/org.worldbank.www at available also(