ACYL SUBSTITUTION his chapter differs from preceding ones in that it deals with several related classes of compounds rather than just one. Included are 1. Acyl chlorides, RCCI 2. Carboxylic acid anhydrides, RCOCR 3. Esters of carboxylic acids, RCOR'99

he next several chapters deal with the chemistry of various oxygen-containing functional groups. The interplay of these important classes of compounds-alco- hols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and derivatives of carboxylic acids-is fundamental to organic chemistry and biochemistry

this chapter and the next we extend our coverage of conjugated systems to include arenes. Arenes are hydrocarbons based on the benzene ring as a structural unit. Ben- are zene, toluene, and naphthalene, for example, are arenes

the preceding chapter the special stability of benzene was described, along with reac- tions in which an aromatic ring was present as a substituent. In the present chapter we move from considering the aromatic ring as a substituent to studying it as a functional

N ow that we're familiar with the structure and preparation of alkenes, let's look at their chemical reactions. The characteristic reaction of alkenes is addition to the double bond according to the general equation:

ADDITION TO THE CARBONYL GROUP Idehydes and ketones contain an acyl group RC-bonded either to hydrogen or to another carbon

SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS 3.1 (b) The sawhorse formula contains four carbon atoms in an unbranched chain. The compound is butane, CH:CH,CH, CH3 CH3 HH H-H CH ()Rewrite the structure to show its constitution. The compound is

10.1 As noted in the sample solution to part(a), a pair of electrons is moved from the double bond toward the positively charged carbon

assuming that there is no resonance stabilization in 1, 3,5-cycloheptatriene, we predict that its heat of hydrogenation will be three times that of cycloheptene or 330/mol (78.9 kcal/mol)

SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS 15.1 The two primary alcohols, 1-butanol and 2-methyl-1-propanol, can be prepared by hydrogenation of the corresponding aldehydes