1 Introduction Background for New methodology Modern natural science methodology is mainly based on matter and energy Even though matter and energy are still necessitate factors in information system, yet the characteristic feature of information systems, particularly the complex ones, is neither matter nor energy but information Without information, the complex information systems, like brain and intelligent life. cannot be understood

按照原子理论,在每个原子里,电子环绕由中子和 质子组成的原子核而运动~称为电子云 原子核的线度≈5×10m电子云的线度≈5×10m 物质结构理论:

7-1物质的微观模型统计规律性 一、分子的数密度和线度 ·物质的分子是可以独立存在、并保持该物质原有性质的最小粒子

1. Information Processing Definition of Information processing All operations exerted to the information itself for its better utilization Information processing is necessary because most of the information in its original form may not be good for use. Thus information processing is the basis of later operations Two categories of information processing: 1)Shallow Level of Information Processing 2)Deeper level of Information Processing

3-1 Measures of Random Syntactic Information Shannon Theory of Information Key point: 1. Information is something that can be used to remove uncertainty. 2. The amount of information can then be measured by the amount of uncertainty it removed. 3. In the cases of communications, only waveform is concerned while meaning and value are ignored. 4. Uncertainty and thus information are statistic in nature and statistical mathematics is enough

1、掌握:肠道杆菌的共性;大肠杆菌、志 贺菌属、沙门菌属的致病因素、所致疾 病;肥达氏反应的原理及结果分析 2、熟悉:大肠杆菌、志贺菌属、沙门菌属 的常见生化反应、标本采集及注意事项 微生物学检查;大肠杆菌在卫生细菌学 检查中的意义;变形杆菌的生物学特性、 致病性、外斐氏反应

1、掌握超敏反应的概念及分型;、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型超敏反应的概念及发生机制;Ⅰ型和Ⅳ型超敏反应的特点; 2、熟悉各型超敏反应临床常见疾病;型超敏反应的防治原则; 3、了解Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型超敏反应的特点;

第8章状态反馈控制与状态观测器设计 8.1状态反馈与输出反馈 8.1.1状态反馈 图8.1所示是一单输入单输出连续系统状态反馈的例子

2.1列写如图题2.1所示电路中以电源电压U作为输入,电容C1,C2上的电压U和U作为输出的状态空间表达式

10.1系统辨识的概念 10.1.1系统辨识的定义 系统辨识是利用观测到的系统输入输出数据构造系统数学模型的方法。 在实际应用中,往往把分析法和实验法这两种建模方法结合起来。尽量利 用对物理过程的认识,将系统模型分为已知的和未知的两部分,用实验法确定 未知部分的模型