药物按作用方式可分为两大类:结构非特异性药物和结构特异性药物( Structurely nonspecific and specific drugs)。前者产生某种药效并不是由于药物与特定受体的相互 作用。较典型的有全身吸人麻醉药,这类药物的化学结构有很大差异,其麻醉强度与分配系数 成正比。还有抗酸药,它们中和胃肠道的盐酸产生治疗作用。机理较为复杂的药物也可发生非 受体作用

绪论部分主要介绍药物化学的研究内容、主要任务、发展特点和发展概况。 药物化学的研究内容 药物化学(Medicinal Chemistry)是建立在多种化学学科和生物学科基础之上,设 计、合成和研究用于预防、诊断和治疗疾病药物的一门学科。研究内容涉及发现、发展 和鉴定新药,以及在分子水平上阐明药物及具有生物活性化合物的作用机理。此外,药 物化学还涉及药物及有关化合物代谢产物的研究、鉴定与合成

在药物一受体相互作用生成复合物过程中,第一步 就是药物与受体的识别。受体必须去识别趋近的分 子是否具有结合所需的性质。这种特征化的三维结 构要素的组合称为药效团

Similarity of regulation between eukaryotes and prokaryote 1.Principles are the same: • signals (信号), • activators and repressors (激活蛋白和阻 遏蛋白) • recruitment and allostery, cooperative binding (招募，异构和协同结合) 2. The gene expression steps subjected to regulation are similar, and the initiation of transcription is the most pervasively regulated step

TOPIC 1 Principles of Transcriptional Regulation [watch the animation] TOPIC 2 Regulation of Transcription Initiation: Examples from Bacteria (Lac operon, alternative s factors, NtrC,MerR, Gal rep, araBAD operon) TOPIC 3 Examples of Gene Regulation after Transcription Initiation (Trp operon) TOPIC 4 The Case of Phage λ: Layers of Regulation

（6.1）同步电机的结 （6.2）同步发电机的运行原理 （6.3）同步发电机的运行特性 （6.4）同步发电机的并联运行

◼ What are the main challenges of translation and how do organisms overcome them? ◼ What is the organization of nucleotide sequence information in mRNA? ◼ What is the structure of tRNAs, and how do aminoacyl tRNA synthetases recognize and attach the correct amino acids to each tRNA? ◼ How does the ribosome orchestrate the translation process?

Most of the eukaryotic genes are mosaic (嵌合体), consisting of intervening sequences separating the coding sequence ◼ Exons (外显子): the coding sequences ◼ Introns (内含子) : the intervening sequences ◼ RNA splicing: the process by which introns are removed from the pre￾mRNA. ◼ Alternative splicing (可变剪接): some pre-mRNAs can be spliced in more than one way , generating alternative mRNAs. 60% of the human genes are spliced in this manner

6.1三相同步发电机基本工作原理和结构 6-1-1同步发电机是怎样发出三相对称正弦交流电的? 答:同步发电机的转子上绕有励磁绕组,通以直流电励磁,产生磁场,并由原动机带动旋转,使定子三 相对称绕组不断切割转子磁场而感应出三相交流电动势

Although DNA replication, repair, homologous recombination occur with high fidelity to ensure the genome identity between generations, there are genetic processes that rearrange DNA sequences and thus lead to a more dynamic genome structure Two classes of genetic recombination for DNA rearrangement: • Conservative site-specific recombination (CSSR): recombination between two defined sequence elements • Transpositional recombination (Transposition): recombination between specific sequences and nonspecific DNA sites