Grammar is the structural system of a language. The grammar of English is organized into five ranks: the sentence, the clause, the phrase, the word and the morpheme. Each rank is composed of one or more than one grammatical unit of the immediate lower unit. A full sentence can generally be segmented rank by rank down to its smallest constituents---the morphemes

Lecture 11-13: Subjunctive Mood 第一部分:语气的定义和种类 1语气(mood) 语气是动词的一种形式,表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。 2语气的种类 (1)、陈述语气:表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的,用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如① There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。 ② Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗? ③ How good teacher she is她是多好的一位老师啊

Lecture 9: Verb Tenses 1一般现在时的用法 （1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。 I leave home for school at 7 every morning. （2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实

8非谓语动词 在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做 非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式不定式,动名 词,和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)

限定词( DETERMINER)是在名词词组中对名 词中心词起特指( SPECIFIC REFERENCE 类指( GENERIC REFERENCE〕以及表示确定 数量( DEFINITE QUANTITY)和非确定数量( INDEFⅠ NITE QUANTITY)等限定作用的词类 名词词组除有词汇意义外,还有其所指意义 ( REFERENTIAL MEANING),是特指(即指 特写的对象〕,还是类指(即泛指一类人或物 是有确定的数量,还是没有确定的数量。 能在名词词组中表示这种所指意义的词类就是 限定词

名词是表示人或物的名称的词。名词可以根据 其词汇意义,分为普通名词(Common Noun)和专 有名词(Proper Noun)。普通名词又可分为物质 名词(Material Noun)、抽象名词(Abstract Noun)

句子(Sentence)是最高一层的语法结构,也是人们进 行交际、表达思想的最小语言单位。 句子在具体的语境中能够表达相对完整的意思,即能够 说明一个情况,提出一个问题,下达一个指示或表达一种 感情

Grammatical Terms abstract noun抽象名词 active voice主动态 adjective形容词 adjunct修饰性状语,结合性附加语 adverb副词 adverbial状语 adverbial clause of condition条件状语分句 adverbial clause of purpose目的状语分句 adverbial clause of cause原因状语分句 adverbial clause of result结果状语分句

Lecture 28: Substitution and Ellipsis 1 Substitution 1.1 Definition Substitution is a grammatical device for avoiding repetition and achieving textual cohesion. There are three kinds of substitution: nominal substitution, verbal substitution, and clausal substitution, and therefore there are three kinds of substitutes: nominal substitutes, verbal substitutes, and clausal substitutes. In addition, there are adverbial substitution and adverbial substitutes

41.AS a _actor,he can perform, sing, dance and play several kinds of musical instruments. A.flexible灵活的,柔韧的n.flexibility B. versatile形容人多才多艺的,形容工具用途广泛的vers代表随时可以变换的n