表面工程形成一门独立的学科虽然只是近20年的事，但其发展之快、涉及范围之广、对人们生产生活影响之大是当初大多数人所始料未及的。表面工程的概念由英格兰伯明翰大学教授汤·贝尔（TomBell）于1983年首次提出，现已发展成为跨学科的边缘性、综合性、复合型学科。表面工程是将材料表面与基体一起作为一个系统进行设计，利用表面改性技术、薄膜技术和涂镀层技术，使材料表面获得材料本身没有而又希望具有的性能的系统工程。可以说，在材料表面上所发生的各种技术都是表面工程的一部分

一、 学习和掌握投入产出分析的基本原理 二、学习和掌握在环境决策中进行投入产出分析的方法和步骤

1.12A The Structure of Methane sp3 Hybridization The 4 sp3 orbitals should be oriented at angles of 109.5° with respect to each other. An sp3-Hybridized carbon gives a tetrahedral structure for methane, and with four equivalent C—H bonds

Esters, like aldehydes and ketones, are weakly acidic. When an ester with an alpha hydrogen is treated with one equivalent of a base such as sodium ethoxide, a reversible condensation reaction occurs to yield a β−keto ester product. This reaction between two ester components is known as the Claisen condensation reaction

Carboxylic acids are just one member of a class of acyl derivatives, RCOY, where the acyl group is bonded to an electronegatives substituent -Y that can act as a leaving group in substitution reactions. Numerous acyl derivatives are possible, but we’ll be concerned only with four of the more common ones, in addition to carboxylic acids themselves: acid halides, acid anhydrides, esters, and amides

10.3 The Reactions of Alkanes with Halogens 10.3 A Multiple Substitution Reactions Versus Selectivity 10.4 Chlorination of Methane:Mechanism of Reaction

10.7 The Geometry of Alkyl Radicals 10.8 Reactions That Generate Tetrahedral Stereocenters 10.9 Radical Addition to Alkenes: TheAnti-Markovnikov Addition ofHydrogen Bromide

1858 ~ 1861, Kekulé, Couper, and Butlerov, laid the basis for one of the most fundamental theories in chemistry: the structural theory. Valence（化合价）: C — tetravalent; O — divalent; H — monovalent

7.1 芳香烃的分类 结构及命名 Classification, Structures and Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds 7.2 芳香烃的来源及物理性质 Sources and Physical Properties of Aromatic Hydrocarbons

7.3 芳香烃的化学性质 Reactions of Aromatic Hydrocarbons 7.4 苯环上亲电取代的定位规律 Orientation of Reactions on Substituted Aromatic Rings