Types of Costs Fixed Costs Variable costs (Overhead) Costs that don°t Costs that do vary vary with sales or directly with the production levels level of production

Product Characteristics Building Managing the Product Mix& Product Lines Brand decisions Packaging& Labeling

Objectives Course Organization Tasks of Marketing Major Concepts Tools of Marketing Marketplace Orientations Marketing's Responses to New Challenges

需要—指没有得到某些基本满足的感受状态。 Need is a state of deprivation of some basic satisfaction 欲望—指想得到这些基本满足的具体满足物 的愿望。 Wants are desires for specific satisfiers of needs 需求—指对有能力购买并且愿意购买的某个 具体产品的欲望

效用是消费者对产品满足其需要的整体能 力的评价。 Value is the consumer's estimate of the product's overall capacity to satisfy his or her needs. 消费者通常根据这种对产品价值的主观 评价和要支付的费用来作出购买决定

产品是能够满足人的需要和欲望的任何东西。 product is anything that can be offered to satisfy a need or want

交换是指从他人处取得所需之物,而 以其某种东西作为回报的行为。 Exchange is the act of obtaining a desired product from someone by offering something in return. 交易(Transactions)—交易是交换活动的 基本单元,是由双方之间的价值交换所构 成的行为

通过本章学习,了解竞争者的各种类型及其特点,树立竞争观念,在有效地进行竞争者分析的基础上,制定正确的市场竞争战略,从而掌握市场竞争的主动权

设法提高市场占有率也是增加收益、保持领先地位的重要途径。 扩大市场份额还应考虑以下因素: 一、经营成本 二、营销组合 三、反垄断法

公司最直接的竞争者是那些处于同 一行业同一战略群体的公司。区分战略群体有助于认识以下3个问题: 1、不同战略群体的进入与流动障碍不同。 2、同一战略群体内的竞争最为激烈。 3、不同战略群体之间存在现实或潜在的竞争