第一节 细菌的大小与形态 （The size and shape of bacteria) ① 属于原核单细胞生物，有细胞壁,形体微小，结构简单。 ② 无成形的细胞核，无核仁及核膜，除核蛋白体外，无其 他细胞器。 ③ 多数在自然界中自由生活，少数营严格寄生生活。 细菌的定义 第二节 细菌的结构 (Bacterial structure) • 基本结构：细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质、核质。 Basic Structure：Cell Wall, Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, and Nucleoid • 特殊结构：荚膜、鞭毛、菌毛、芽胞 Specific Structure：Capsules, Flagella, Fimbriae or pili , Spores 第三节 细菌形态检查法 (morphological examination) ➢ 普通光学显微镜 (light microscope) ➢ 电子显微镜 (electron microscope) ➢ 暗视野显微镜 (darkfield microscope) ➢ 相差显微镜 (phase contrast microscope) ➢ 荧光显微镜 (fluorescence microscope) ➢ 共聚焦显微镜 (confocal microscope) ➢ 染色法 (staining)： 革兰染色法( Gram Stain) 抗酸染色法(Acid Fast Stain)

《固体物理学》课程教学资源（课外阅读材料）Dirac关于多电子系统的量子力学处理 Quantum Mechanics of Many-Electron Systems

一、检测器特性 specific property of detector 二、热导检测器TCD thermal conductivity detector 三、氢火焰离子化检测器 flame ionization detector, FID 四、电子捕获检测器 electron capture detector, ECD 五、其他检测器 other detector

一、X-射线荧光的产生 creation of X-ray fluorescence 二、X-射线荧光光谱仪 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer 三、应用 applications

The most characteristic reactions of benzenoid arenes are the substitution reactions that occur when they react with electrophilic reagents. The electrophiles are either a positive ion (E+) or some other electron-deficient species with a large partial positive charge

Wave motion is the most universal physical phenomenon, we discover the wave motion all around us. Mechanical waves—acoustic wave, water wave Electromagnetic waves—radio, light wave Matter waves—electron wave

JB=Beam ion (and neutralizer electron current) JE=cathode emitted current Jc=ion current to cathode- potential surfaces JD=current through disch. power supply

Generation of ATP by using a across- membrane proton gradient, which is generated from electron flowing through a chain of carriers

1.1 The element carbon has atomic number 6, and so it has a total of six electrons. Two of these elec- tr rons are in the Is level. The four electrons in the 2s and 2p levels (the valence shell) are the valence electrons. Carbon has four valence electrons 1.2 Electron configurations of elements are derived by applying the following principles:

Acid-base reaction: Transfer of proton Oxidation and reduction: transfer of electron