PrototypingChapter 13
Prototyping Chapter 13
Product Development ProcessConceptDetailProductionSystem-LevelTestingandPlanningDevelopmentDesignDesignRefinementRamp-Up★★★★★★★★Prototyping is done throughout the development process
Planning Product Development Process Concept Development System-Level Design Detail Design Testing and Refinement Production Ramp-Up Prototyping is done throughout the development process
What Are the Uses of Prototypes?: Learning-answering questions about performance orfeasibility-e.g., proof-of-concept model. Communication-demonstration of product forfeedback-e.g., 3D physical models of style or functionIntegration-combination of sub-systems into system model-e.g., alpha or beta test modelsMilestones- goal for development team's schedule-e.g.,firsttestablehardware
What Are the Uses of Prototypes? • Learning – answering questions about performance or feasibility – e.g., proof-of-concept model • Communication – demonstration of product for feedback – e.g., 3D physical models of style or function • Integration – combination of sub-systems into system model – e.g., alpha or beta test models • Milestones – goal for development team’s schedule – e.g., first testable hardware
What kind of prototypes can be built?Physical PrototypesAnalytical PrototypesTangibleapproximation ofMathematicalmodelofthethe product.product.May exhibit unmodeledCan only exhibit behaviorbehavior.arising from explicitlymodeled phenomena.Oftenbestfor(However, behavioris notcommunication.always anticipated.Often allow moreexperimentalfreedomthanphysicalmodels
What kind of prototypes can be built? Physical Prototypes • Tangible approximation of the product. • May exhibit unmodeled behavior. • Often best for communication. Analytical Prototypes • Mathematical model of the product. • Can only exhibit behavior arising from explicitly modeled phenomena. (However, behavior is not always anticipated. • Often allow more experimental freedom than physical models
Focused vs.Comprehensive PrototypesFocused PrototypesComprehensive PrototypesImplement many or allImplementoneorafewattributes of theattributes of the product.product.: Offer opportunities forAnswerspecificrigorous testingquestions about the: Often best for milestonesproduct design.and integration
Focused vs. Comprehensive Prototypes Focused Prototypes • Implement one or a few attributes of the product. • Answer specific questions about the product design. Comprehensive Prototypes • Implement many or all attributes of the product. • Offer opportunities for rigorous testing. • Often best for milestones and integration
Boeing 777 TestingBrakes TestMinimum rotor thickness Maximum takeoff weightMaximum runway speedWill the brakes ignite?Wing TestMaximum loadingWhen will it break?Where will it break?
Boeing 777 Testing Brakes Test • Minimum rotor thickness • Maximum takeoff weight • Maximum runway speed • Will the brakes ignite? Wing Test • Maximum loading • When will it break? • Where will it break?
Comprehensive PrototypesManycomprehensiveSomecomprehensiveprototypes are built.prototypesbuild (andsold?)oinScialWindows12000Oneprototype maybeFewornocomprehensiveusedforverificationprototypes are built.PRODUCT DESIGNAND DEVELOPMENTMOT品HighLowCost ofComprehensivePrototype
Comprehensive Prototypes Cost of Comprehensive Prototype Low High Technical or Market Risk High Low One prototype may be used for verification. Few or no comprehensive prototypes are built. Many comprehensive prototypes are built. Some comprehensive prototypes build (and sold?)
Prototyping Strategy: Use prototypes to reduce uncertainty.: Make models with a defined purpose: Consider multiple forms of prototypes: Choose the timing of prototype cycles-Many early models are used to validateconcepts.-Relatively few comprehensive models arenecessary to test integration.: Plan time to learn from prototype cycles.-Avoid the “hardware swamp
Prototyping Strategy • Use prototypes to reduce uncertainty. • Make models with a defined purpose. • Consider multiple forms of prototypes. • Choose the timing of prototype cycles. –Many early models are used to validate concepts. –Relatively few comprehensive models are necessary to test integration. • Plan time to learn from prototype cycles. –Avoid the “hardware swamp
Types of Prototyping MethodsTraditional:Rapid PrototypingVirtual
Types of Prototyping Methods • Traditional • Rapid Prototyping • Virtual
Traditional Prototyping MethodsCNC machiningMolding + casting Materials: wood, foam, plastics, etc
Traditional Prototyping Methods • CNC machining • Molding + casting • Materials: wood, foam, plastics, etc