Chapter 19B Systems Biology and the Future of Medicine 12-1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 12-1 Systems Biology and the Future of Medicine Systems Biology and the Future of Medicine Chapter 19B
Sections to study1. What is systems biology?2.Biology as an informational science3.The practice of systems biology4.A systems approach to disease5.Syntheticbiology12-2
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 12-2 Sections to study Sections to study 1. What is systems biology? 1. What is systems biology? 2. Biology as an informational science 2. Biology as an informational science 3. The practice of systems biology 3. The practice of systems biology 4. A systems approach to disease 4. A systems approach to disease 5. Synthetic biology 5. Synthetic biology
1. What is systems biology?Thehuman immune systemNatural ImmunityMoreeffectivephagoctosisandeliminationofNonSelfMacrophages & NeutrophilsK1Non Self(Foreign,materials)AntitbodiesLymplinokinesPmysical BarriersTLymphocytesB Lymphocytesarane&mucusmeprevententoyCelutarHumoralImmunityImmunitySknChamicai Barrierspt,aoanetonu,eto.Non Self cs annautrelizeopalantigenic stimulus7Cellular Barriersneubrophila,rnecrophagesAcquired Immunitynetural kllkar oalle12-3
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 12-3 1. What is systems biology? 1. What is systems biology? The human immune system
Wehave known the human immune system so well, but we arestill unable to develop vaccines against every infectious disease.Why?12-4
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 12-4 We have known the human immune system so well, but we are still unable to develop vaccines against every infectious disease. Why?
We do not understand the immune system's two mostfundamental properties:immunity and tolerance.Immunologists have studied the components of the immune system onegene and one protein at a time, but not them all together as a systemImmuneProtectionand ToleranceDefence againstimicrobial infectionsStrongThi immunity:IFN-ymacrophages CTLTh1Th2Pregnancy --tolerance to non-self-MHC-fetusandspermDominanceof Th2immunity:IL-1o,TGF-βsusceptible to infections,less autoimmunity12-5
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 12-5 We do not understand the immune system We do not understand the immune system’s two most s two most fundamental properties: fundamental properties: immunity immunity and tolerance tolerance. Immunologists have studied the components of the immune system o Immunologists have studied the components of the immune system one gene and one protein at a time, but not them all together as a s gene and one protein at a time, but not them all together as a system
Overreactedimmune responses:AllergyPollen,dust mites,peanuts, eggs.OverreactedinflammationInflammatory responsein common cold makes it uncomfortable.Autoimmune disease: The body's normally protective immunesystem causes damage to its own tissues. The body responds asif normal tissues areinfected or somehowabnormalArthritis,diabetes.ALLERGIC REACTIONSSkin ContactIniectionIngestionInhalationpollenbeepoisonmedicationRplantsstinganimalmedicationnuts&dustdandershellfishmold&pollenmildewlatexanimaldander5ADAM12-6
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 12-6 Allergy Allergy Pollen, dust mites, peanuts, eggs. Pollen, dust mites, peanuts, eggs. Overreacted inflammation Overreacted inflammation Inflammatory response in common cold makes it uncomfortable. Inflammatory response in common cold makes it uncomfortable. Autoimmune disease: The body's normally protective immune Autoimmune disease: T system causes damage to its own tissues. The body responds as if normal tissues are infected or somehow abnormal. Arthritis, diabetes. Arthritis, diabetes. Overreacted immune responses:
Nodes,orBiological system:A collection ofelementsinteracting elements that carry out aspecific biological taskInteractingelementsCells-such as immune system cellsMetabolitesProteinsmRNAsControlelements of genesEdges,orconnectionsAhypotheticalbiological networkFig.21.212-7
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 12-7 Biological system Biological system: A collection of : A collection of interacting elements that carry out a interacting elements that carry out a specific biological task. specific biological task. A hypothetical biological network Fig. 21.2 Interacting elements Interacting elements Cells – such as immune system cells such as immune system cells Metabolites Metabolites Proteins Proteins mRNAs Control elements of genes Control elements of genes
Nodes,orSystems biology seeks to describeelementsthe multiple components of abiological system and analyze thecomplex interactions ofthosecomponents within the system andwith components of other systems.Edges,orconnectionsAhypotheticalbiologicalnetwork12-8
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 12-8 Systems biology Systems biology seeks to describe seeks to describe the multiple components of a the multiple components of a biological system biological system and analyze the and analyze the complex interactions of those complex interactions of those components within the system and components within the system and with components of other systems. with components of other systems. A hypothetical biological network
Four fundamental guestions can be askedabout a biological system:Nodes,orWhat are the elements of the system?elementsWhat are the physical associationsamong the elements?Howdo perturbations affectthesystem and other systems connectedto it?How do a system's elements,associations, and relation to changesinthe biological context explain itsfunctions?Edges,orconnectionsAhypotheticalbiological networki2-9
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 12-9 Four fundamental questions can be asked Four fundamental questions can be asked about a biological system: about a biological system: What are the elements of the system? What are the physical associations among the elements? How do perturbations affect the system and other systems connected to it? How do a system’s elements, associations, and relation to changes in the biological context explain its functions? A hypothetical biological network
2.Biologyas aninformational scienceBiologicalinformation:Digital information in the DNA of thegenomeEnvironmental information impinges upon and modulates the coredigitalinformation.Theirinteraction mediates biological activity across threetimescales:Physiological responseto the environmentDevelopmentEvolutionAnalyzing biological systems in terms of the storage,transmission, and transformation of biologicalinformationiscentral to systems biology.12-10
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 12-10 2. Biology as an informational science 2. Biology as an informational science Biological information: Biological information: Digital information in the DNA of the genome Digital information in the DNA of the genome Environmental information impinges upon and modulates the core Environmental information impinges upon and modulates the core digital information. digital information. Their interaction mediates biological activity across three Their interaction mediates biological activity across three timescales: timescales: Physiological response to the environment Physiological response to the environment Development Development Evolution Evolution Analyzing biological systems in terms of the storage, Analyzing biological systems in terms of the storage, transmission, and transformation of biological information is transmission, and transformation of biological information is central to systems biology. central to systems biology