Chapter10CApplications of Genetic Engineeringand Biotechnology9-1
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Sections to study1Production of biological and pharmaceutical products ingeneticallyengineered organismsInsulin,growthhormones,vaccines2 Genetic engineering in plants has revolutionized agricultureHerbicide-resistantcropsPest-resistant crops券Nutrition-enriched crops3Genetic engineeringin animalsTransgenicfishes,cows,pigs4 Gene therapy in humans9-2
9-2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display Sections to study Sections to study 1 Production of biological and 1 Production of biological and pharmaceutical products in pharmaceutical products in genetically engineered organisms genetically engineered organisms Insulin, growth hormones, vaccines Insulin, growth hormones, vaccines 2 Genetic engineering in plants has revolutionized agricultur 2 Genetic engineering in plants has revolutionized agriculture Herbicide Herbicide-resistant crops resistant crops Pest-resistant crops resistant crops Nutrition Nutrition-enriched crops enriched crops 3 Genetic engineering in animals 3 Genetic engineering in animals Transgenic fishes, cows, pigs Transgenic fishes, cows, pigs 4 Gene therapy in humans 4 Gene therapy in humans
Recombinant DNA technologyRestriction enzymesPlasmid vectorsrecombinantplasmidForeignDNAinsertDisruptedlacZgene—AmpREcoRIsitesOriginofreplication9-3
9-3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display Recombinant DNA technology Recombinant DNA technology Restriction enzymes Restriction enzymes Plasmid vectors Plasmid vectors
Biotechnology:The use of living organisms to create a productor a process that helps improve the quality of life for humans orotherorganisms.People in ancient civilizations used microbes to make importantproducts, such as wine, beer, vinegar, breads, and cheeses.9-4
9-4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display Biotechnology Biotechnology: The use of living organisms to create a product : The use of living organisms to create a product or a process that helps improve the quality of life for humans o or a process that helps improve the quality of life for humans or other organisms. other organisms. People in ancient civilizations used microbes to make important People in ancient civilizations used microbes to make important products, such as wine, beer, vinegar, breads, and cheeses. products, such as wine, beer, vinegar, breads, and cheeses
PlasmiddanorGenedonorCModern biotechnologyrelies heavily onIsolationofbacterialplasmidrecombinant DNAtechnology,geneticPlasmidopenedCIsolatedwithrestrictiongeneengineering, andenzymegenomics applicationsDNA ligase bindsendstogetherRecombinantDNAmoleculeTransformationoftreshbacteriumChromosome0&DonorgeneTranscriptionTranslationMRNAProteinproduct
9-5 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display Modern biotechnology Modern biotechnology relies heavily on relies heavily on recombinant DNA recombinant DNA technology technology, genetic genetic engineering engineering, and genomics applications. genomics applications
Genetic engineering: The alteration of an organism's genomeGenetically Modified Organisms (GMO):New varieties of plants,animals, and other organisms with specific traits.RequiredtechnologiesThe ability to manipulate DNA in vitroTheability to introduce genes into living cells9-6
9-6 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display Genetic engineering Genetic engineering: The alteration of an organism : The alteration of an organism’s genome. s genome. Genetically Modified Organisms Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO): New varieties of plants, New varieties of plants, animals, and other organisms with specific traits. animals, and other organisms with specific traits. Required technologies Required technologies The ability to manipulate DNA in vitro The ability to manipulate DNA in vitro The ability to introduce genes into living cells The ability to introduce genes into living cells
Applications of biotechnology and genetic engineeringl. Production of biological and pharmaceutical products ingenetically engineered organismsInsulin,growthhormones,vaccines2. Genetic engineering in plants has revolutionized agricultureHerbicide-resistant,pest-resistant,nutrition-enriched crops3. Genetic engineering in animalsTransgenic fishes, cows, pigsHumangenetherapy9-7
9-7 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 1. Production of biological and pharmaceutical products in Production of biological and pharmaceutical products in genetically engineered organisms genetically engineered organisms Insulin, growth hormones, vaccines Insulin, growth hormones, vaccines 2. Genetic engineering in plants has revolutionized agriculture Genetic engineering in plants has revolutionized agriculture Herbicide Herbicide-resistant, pest resistant, pest-resistant, nutrition resistant, nutrition-enriched crops enriched crops 3. Genetic engineering in animals Genetic engineering in animals Transgenic fishes, cows, pigs Transgenic fishes, cows, pigs 4. Human gene therapy Human gene therapy Applications of biotechnology and genetic engineering Applications of biotechnology and genetic engineering
1Production of biological andpharmaceuticalproducts ingenetically engineered organismsBiopharmaceuticalproductsTherapeuticproteins:insulin,growthhormones,clottingfactorsweretraditionally purified from tissuesBiopharming:Acommonlyusedtermtodescribe the production ofvaluableproteins in genetically modifiedanimals and plants.9-8
9-8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 1 Production of biological and pharmaceutical products in 1 Production of biological and pharmaceutical products in genetically engineered organisms genetically engineered organisms Biopharmaceutical products Biopharmaceutical products Therapeutic proteins: insulin, growth Therapeutic proteins: insulin, growth hormones, clotting factors were hormones, clotting factors were traditionally purified from tissues. traditionally purified from tissues. Biopharming Biopharming: A commonly used term : A commonly used term to describe the production of valuable to describe the production of valuable proteins in genetically modified proteins in genetically modified animals and plants. animals and plants
InsulinAgrowth hormone produced byA-ChainA-Chalinthe pancrea.1010Used to be extracted from the81pancreas of cows and pigs.B-ChainChain--20202060C-ChainInsulinmGlucosereceptorsinbloodMuscle(stores and uses glucose)GlucoseFoodentranceInsulinBody cellStomach(receives,digests,andabsorbsfoodLiverBlood(stores and can release glucose)streamPancreas(Beta cells make insulin)InsulinKidneyGlucose(whenbloodglucoseis present innormal amounts,kidneys make sureno glucoseis lost in theurine.)9-9
9-9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display A growth hormone produced by A growth hormone produced by the pancrea pancrea. Used to be extracted from the Used to be extracted from the pancreas of cows and pigs. pancreas of cows and pigs. Insulin Insulin
PromoterPromoterlacZgenelacZgeneHumulin: The first humanInsulingene product manufacturedgeneAsubunitAntibioticAntibioticInsulinby recombinantDNAgeneBresistanceresistancesubunitgenegenetechnology.TransformE.coliDeveloped byGenentech,abiotech companyfoundedin.1976β-gal/insulinAβ-gal/insulinBfusionproteinLicensed to therapeutic usefusionproteinaccumulates in cellaccumulatesin cellin1982byFDAExtractandpurifyβ-gal/insulinfusion proteinsTreatwithcyanogenbromideto cleaveAand BchainsABHumulinFPurify,mix Aand B chains toformfunctional insulinADisulfide bondsBActive insulinFig 22-1
9-10 Fig 22-1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display Humulin Humulin: The first human : The first human gene product manufactured gene product manufactured by recombinant DNA by recombinant DNA technology. technology. Developed by Developed by Genentech Genentech, a biotech company founded in biotech company founded in 1976 Licensed to therapeutic use Licensed to therapeutic use in 1982 by FDA in 1982 by FDA