The human body is an electrochemical machine Inputs:oxygen,water,ions,complex organic molecules Outputs:maintenance,movement,heat, carbon dioxide,water,simple organic molecules
The human body is an electrochemical machine • Inputs: oxygen, water, ions, complex organic molecules • Outputs: maintenance, movement, heat, carbon dioxide, water, simple organic molecules
"A chicken is just an egg's way of making more eggs." Dawkins describes biological organisms as"vehicles"used by their genes for making more copies of those genes. Genes that tend to help the organisms they are in to survive and reproduce also help themselves. RICHARD DAWKINS The Selfish Gene new edition
"A chicken is just an egg's way of making more eggs." Dawkins describes biological organisms as "vehicles" used by their genes for making more copies of those genes. Genes that tend to help the organisms they are in to survive and reproduce also help themselves
Most textbooks describe 11 interacting systems: Circulatory:moving materials around Digestive:absorbing processing organic chemicals Endocrine:slow,general control Excretory:removing waste products Immune:defending against invasion Integumentary:keeping insides in outsides out ·Muscular:movement Nervous:fast,precise control Reproductive:passing on genes Respiratory:moving O2 in,CO2 out Skeletal:supporting framework
Most textbooks describe 11 interacting systems: • Circulatory: moving materials around • Digestive: absorbing & processing organic chemicals • Endocrine: slow, general control • Excretory: removing waste products • Immune: defending against invasion • Integumentary: keeping insides in & outsides out • Muscular: movement • Nervous: fast, precise control • Reproductive: passing on genes • Respiratory: moving O 2 in, CO 2 out • Skeletal: supporting framework
Capillaries ■Arteries Circulatory system: ■fei Heart:double pump(lungs,body) Muscle contracts 1 Hz for ~80 yr Arteries:High-pressure tubes to tissues Veins:Low-pressure return to heart Automatic controls to maintain pressure need-dependent distribution(to gut after meal,to muscles before exercise) Stomach Kidney Small intestine neti
Circulatory system: Heart: double pump (lungs, body) Muscle contracts @ 1 Hz for ~80 yr Arteries: High-pressure tubes to tissues Veins: Low-pressure return to heart Automatic controls to maintain pressure & need-dependent distribution (to gut after meal, to muscles before exercise)
The Triaxial Reference System RIGHT ARM +I Einthoven 3 lead axes F001 rearranged to cross at centre QRS vector drawn with its projections on standard limb leads I,II III From: Best Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice,12th Edn
Precordial Leads VI:4th intercostal space right of sternum V2:4th intercostal space left of sternum V3:midway between V2 V4 V4:5th interspace midclavicular line V5:anterior axillary line V6:midaxillary line. same level as V4 V5 Normal QRS in precordial leads 2V3V4 V5 Ve From Best&Taylors Physiological Basis of Medical Practice. 12th Edn
a:baseline ECG before pain onse b:ECG during angina pain indicates the 正 ischemia is epicardial 川Y ECG30 min after pain relief d:3.5 hr later,baseline ECG pattem is again evident 图 鞋 乳 嗣 配 童 显 图 润 …圃 翻 型 因 From: w围 围
Digestive system:tube from outside (mouth)to outside (anus). Breakdown of food (acid,alkali, enzymes)into absorbable forms Transport via blood to liver;further breakdown into forms useful for energy-production repair Unabsorbed materials expelled Slow,rhythmic contractions can be recorded via a swallowed balloon or electrodes
Digestive system: tube from outside (mouth) to outside (anus). Breakdown of food (acid, alkali, enzymes) into absorbable forms. Transport via blood to liver; further breakdown into forms useful for energy-production & repair Unabsorbed materials expelled Slow, rhythmic contractions can be recorded via a swallowed balloon or electrodes
Major Endocrine Glands Male Female Endocrine system:slow maintenance feedback control via chemicals secreted into blood Control of metabolic rate (chemical activity),growth,reproductive status Example: Food→Tglucose→Tinsulin→↓glucose Monitoring requires chemical sensors
Endocrine system: slow maintenance & feedback control via chemicals secreted into blood. Control of metabolic rate (chemical activity), growth, reproductive status. Example: Food → ↑glucose → ↑insulin → ↓ glucose Monitoring requires chemical sensors
Excretory system:blood filter Kidney:selectively filters out waste or excess materials inferior vena cava Bladder:temporary storage of filtrate,automatic emptying descending aorta kidneys ureters bladder prostate urethra
Excretory system: blood filter Kidney: selectively filters out waste or excess materials Bladder: temporary storage of filtrate, automatic emptying