Experimental Physiology Introduction to Experimental Physiology 1.The Purposes of Experimental Physiology 1)Develop students'operational skills and abillity to write experimental reports. 2)Develop students'scientifie thinking and ability to ask questioes,to analyze problems and to solve四oblems 3)Develop students'attitude to practical work,normal operational methods,and cooperation based on the division of labor. At the end of the experimental class,students should be able to: (1)Understand the measurement of basic physiological indices. (2)Perform physiological experiments and possess the essential surgical techniques required. (3)Understand the essential techniques of electrophysiology, (4)Analyze experimental results and write experimental reports independently. (5)Understand the general principles and methods of design of physiological experiments Assessment:emphasis overall performance.which includes attendance.all experiments,the reports. 2.Class Requirements 1)Students should prepare sufficiently before each experiment.by carefully reading the experimental guide,understanding the basic principks and methods,reviewing the relevant anatomy and physiology,and anticipating the results and problems.This is important:avoid blindly following instructions;ensure the experimenta cass is used for high-quality learning 2)During experiments,everyone must observe the lab rules,minimal noise,on the experiment (NO FOOD,NO CELLPHONE). 3)Save the experimemtal materials. 4)All animals used are provided by the teacher. 5)A single student in each group is responsible for borrowing and retuming experimental apparatus.Divide the laboe within the group,work seriously and efficiently,observe carefully, record in time and accurately.Tidy up the raw recordings,write the report,and hand it in. 6)After every experiment,each group should clean the experimental bench and retumn the experimental apparatus. 7)Deposit all dead animals in the assigned place.The assigned group on duty eleans the lab
Experimental Physiology 1 Introduction to Experimental Physiology 1. The Purposes of Experimental Physiology 1) Develop students’ operational skills and ability to write experimental reports. 2) Develop students’ scientific thinking and ability to ask questions, to analyze problems and to solve problems. 3) Develop students’ attitude to practical work, normal operational methods, and cooperation based on the division of labor. At the end of the experimental class, students should be able to: (1) Understand the measurement of basic physiological indices; (2) Perform physiological experiments and possess the essential surgical techniques required; (3) Understand the essential techniques of electrophysiology; (4) Analyze experimental results and write experimental reports independently; (5) Understand the general principles and methods of design of physiological experiments. Assessment: emphasis overall performance, which includes attendance, all experiments, the reports. 2. Class Requirements 1) Students should prepare sufficiently before each experiment, by carefully reading the experimental guide, understanding the basic principles and methods, reviewing the relevant anatomy and physiology, and anticipating the results and problems. This is important: avoid blindly following instructions; ensure the experimental class is used for high-quality learning. 2) During experiments, everyone must observe the lab rules, minimal noise, concentrate on the experiment (NO FOOD, NO CELLPHONE). 3) Save the experimental materials. 4) All animals used are provided by the teacher. 5) A single student in each group is responsible for borrowing and returning experimental apparatus. Divide the labor within the group, work seriously and efficiently, observe carefully, record in time and accurately. Tidy up the raw recordings, write the report, and hand it in. 6) After every experiment, each group should clean the experimental bench and return the experimental apparatus. 7) Deposit all dead animals in the assigned place. The assigned group on duty cleans the lab
Experimental Physiology 8)Everyone should value the opportunity to carry out experiments and ensure the quality of the results. 9)It is absolutely forbidden to abuse the animals or the apparatus 3.Experimental Objective:The toad,the rabbit,and the person. 4.Understanding Surgical Instruments and Surgical Methods. (1)Scalpel and blade. (2)Scissors (straight curved) Divided into General Seissors,the Tissue Scissors and the Eye Scissors
Experimental Physiology 2 8) Everyone should value the opportunity to carry out experiments and ensure the quality of the results. 9) It is absolutely forbidden to abuse the animals or the apparatus. 3. Experimental Objective: The toad, the rabbit, and the person. 4. Understanding Surgical Instruments and Surgical Methods. (1) Scalpel and blade. (2) Scissors (straight, curved) Divided into General Scissors, the Tissue Scissors and the Eye Scissors. the written type the anti-pick type the grasp and hold type the bow type
Experimental Physiology (3)Hemostat or Clamp (stranght,curved) Used mainly for elamping blood vessels at the site of bleeding. wrong correct (4)Forceps 1)Toothed Forceps; 2)E马e Forceps (5)Other instruments will be introduced as needed. Frog surgical instruments include pithing probe,general scissors,eye scissors,hemostat or clamp. glass hook,frog board (glass plate)Cu-Zn stimulator,and heart clip Mammal surgical instruments usually include general scissors,eye scissors,scalpel,hemostat. forceps and eye foreeps. 5.Transducers A transducer is an electronic device that comverts energy from one form to another. 1)Pressure transducer A pressure transducer comverts pressure into an analog electrical signal.Although there are various types of pressure transducers,one of the most common is strain-gage based.The conversion of pressure into an electrical signal is achieved by the physical deformation of strain gages which are bonded into the diaphragm of the pressure transducer and wired into a Wheatstone bridge configuration Pressure applied to the transducer produces a deflection of the diaphragm which introduces strain to the gages.The strain produces an electrical resistance change proportional to the pressure. 2)Force transducer Force transducer provides an output proportional to the force
Experimental Physiology 3 (3) Hemostat or Clamp (straight, curved) Used mainly for clamping blood vessels at the site of bleeding. (4) Forceps 1）Toothed Forceps; 2) Eye Forceps (5) Other instruments will be introduced as needed. Frog surgical instruments include pithing probe, general scissors, eye scissors, hemostat or clamp, glass hook, frog board (glass plate), Cu-Zn stimulator, and heart clip. Mammal surgical instruments usually include general scissors, eye scissors, scalpel, hemostat, forceps and eye forceps. 5. Transducers A transducer is an electronic device that converts energy from one form to another. 1) Pressure transducer A pressure transducer converts pressure into an analog electrical signal. Although there are various types of pressure transducers, one of the most common is strain-gage based. The conversion of pressure into an electrical signal is achieved by the physical deformation of strain gages which are bonded into the diaphragm of the pressure transducer and wired into a Wheatstone bridge configuration. Pressure applied to the transducer produces a deflection of the diaphragm which introduces strain to the gages. The strain produces an electrical resistance change proportional to the pressure. 2) Force transducer Force transducer provides an output proportional to the force correct wrong
Experimental Physiology applied. 6.Writing Experimental Reports The experimental reports describes the work done by the experimemter and recreates the experiment,the results,and their meaning.It is one of the important dimensions for assessing the comprehension of the students and measures their abilities.It is also an initial exercise in writing that will be useful in writing scientific papers later. (1)General requirements Use the required report format.Complete each item and mark clearly your name and number. Record the date of the experiment.Leave a space for the signature of the teacher.Please stick to the standard format,provide accurate charts,use legible handwriting or type,and hand the report in on time. (2)Basic format and the writing method Some physiological experiments emphasize surgical methods such as the nerve-murscle preparation,others emphasize measurement of a phenomenon such as gastrointestinal motility. while some lay particular emphasis on the results and analyses,such as the influence of factors on urine formation Most experiments include all three dimensions. The general experimental report format: Name Number: Class: Year: Date: Score: Title 1.Purpose 2.Principle 3.Objective 4.Appararus (list) S.Methods and Procedures (outline) 6.Results (detailed) 7.Discussion(detailed) 8.Conclusions
Experimental Physiology 4 applied. 6. Writing Experimental Reports The experimental reports describes the work done by the experimenter and recreates the experiment, the results, and their meaning. It is one of the important dimensions for assessing the comprehension of the students and measures their abilities. It is also an initial exercise in writing that will be useful in writing scientific papers later. (1) General requirements Use the required report format. Complete each item and mark clearly your name and number. Record the date of the experiment. Leave a space for the signature of the teacher. Please stick to the standard format, provide accurate charts, use legible handwriting or type, and hand the report in on time. (2) Basic format and the writing method Some physiological experiments emphasize surgical methods such as the nerve-muscle preparation; others emphasize measurement of a phenomenon such as gastrointestinal motility; while some lay particular emphasis on the results and analyses, such as the influence of factors on urine formation. Most experiments include all three dimensions. The general experimental report format: Name: Number: Class: Year: Date: Score: Title 1. Purpose 2. Principle 3. Objective 4. Apparatus (list) 5. Methods and Procedures (outline) 6. Results (detailed) 7. Discussion (detailed) 8. Conclusions
Experimental Physiology Data Acquisition System Data Acquisition System:The RM6240 multi-channel physiological recording and processing system is used in most experiments. 1.General Introduction The RM6240 multi-channel phoysiological recording and processing system combines software-controlled setting of parameters,extensive signal conditioning options.variable sampling speeds and powerful real-time computations with the advantages of computer-based data display and analysis.It offers the functionaliry of a chart recorder.XYT plotter.digital voltmeter and storage oscilloscope in one compact unit.Versatile display options and analysis functions are complemented by the ahility to export data to other software (such as Microsoft Excel) The RM6240 is a high-performance data acquisition system suitable for a wide range of research applications that require up to 4 input channels.Typical applications include human and animal physiology,pharmacology.neurophysiology,biology,zoology,biochemistry,and biomedical engineering.The unit is capable of recording at speeds of up to 400,000 samples per second continuously to disk,and is compatible with instruments,signal conditioners and transducers 5
Experimental Physiology 5 Data Acquisition System Data Acquisition System: The RM6240 multi-channel physiological recording and processing system is used in most experiments. 1. General Introduction The RM6240 multi-channel physiological recording and processing system combines software-controlled setting of parameters, extensive signal conditioning options, variable sampling speeds and powerful real-time computations with the advantages of computer-based data display and analysis. It offers the functionality of a chart recorder, XYT plotter, digital voltmeter and storage oscilloscope in one compact unit. Versatile display options and analysis functions are complemented by the ability to export data to other software (such as Microsoft Excel). The RM6240 is a high-performance data acquisition system suitable for a wide range of research applications that require up to 4 input channels. Typical applications include human and animal physiology, pharmacology, neurophysiology, biology, zoology, biochemistry, and biomedical engineering. The unit is capable of recording at speeds of up to 400,000 samples per second continuously to disk, and is compatible with instruments, signal conditioners and transducers
Experimental Physiology 2.Working Window All essential controls for recording data are provided within the Chart Application window Application window Channel I Channel 2 Preview Record Pause Stop Amplitude axis Channel 3 Channel separator Channel 4 Data display area Time axis 2)Tool Bar The Tool Bar consists of a row of buttons which provide shortouts for common tasks.The button functions are displayed if the pointer is held over them. walt-Ohae1 kyuialagical Eee ic4edfc◆线59s1.0q 米aU◆tD=4@ns)r卡n 0日0●回国回回。g等品阁4●生Kb的山日四0门1炉 1miv Check Swich Open Zoom Vew 6
Experimental Physiology 6 2. Working Window All essential controls for recording data are provided within the Chart Application window. 2) Tool Bar The Tool Bar consists of a row of buttons which provide shortcuts for common tasks. The button functions are displayed if the pointer is held over them. New Open Save to disk Zoom View Print Drop Stimulus Output 1mV Check Switch 50Hz Notch Filter ECG Stimulator Help Display Measuring Information New Open Save to disk Zoom View Print Drop Stimulus Output 1mV Check Switch 50Hz Notch Filter ECG Stimulator Help Display Measuring Information Preview Record Pause Stop Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3 Channel 4 Channel separator Data display area Amplitude axis Application window Time axis
Experimental Physiology 3)Data Measurement:After you stop recording.you can use these functioes to measure the data and get values.All these values can be output to an EXCEL file. Derive the Real Tme Data ogical Recording and P ocessing System -2.0g Experinant (U)Toal d)Vie)HelpQ) 3op Dhaplay Measuring Information Conduction Voloclty Measumment 4)Hidden function buttons aa区 -00t 日aw Event marker Life sleetricity -250m0 们odh电s证传计a 30He Bloed Pretrere ang EOG Clse Close the channel. Tensien rs雪reea0 Channel title Discharge al/s (1L) Select recording parameter Discharge1/生o) Discharge sl/s 000L) 01片a州 Conmor.Iten 10s/dhv 250mW AC 30拉 7
Experimental Physiology 7 3) Data Measurement: After you stop recording, you can use these functions to measure the data and get values. All these values can be output to an EXCEL file. 4) Hidden function buttons Close the channel. Channel title Select recording parameter. Event marker Mobile Measurement Reginal Measurement Cycle Measurement Slope Measurement Area measurement Conduction Velocity Measurement Cancel Scribe Line Display Measuring Information Mobile Measurement Derive the Real Time Data Reginal Measurement Cycle Measurement Slope Measurement Area measurement Conduction Velocity Measurement Cancel Scribe Line Display Measuring Information Derive the Real Time Data
Experimental Physiology ☒ 年600 Rate/Time display Sampling Rate 3000 RI6240 ulti-Channel Physiological Re 间☒ File(E)Edit(Recard(p)Amulysis (A)Experiseat 0含日0s回▣回回◆司 可占00： 500W- Calitration Sapling Rate Caneel Calibratioa Faeter 1 Cueel Zere Offset 20 : Display Stinulatian Hark 8Hx Md Scale Yithin Chaanel 10H- 3 ormul Realtin4售aai世轴tht 20 Sg4cidB4ltiw服4sw销at 40 Static Statistics想ea四sat B0Hz 工G慧e世线t 200H: Discharge Statistics 400H: Trop Statisties 000a EEG Analysis 1kHr Fluctustion Rate Interphase Messurement 2kHr Driginal Taeforn 4kH: Criginal Ywveforn of Other Chasnel BkMe Dif维reati atico 10J红 Iategral 20kH: Fragiancy Spectrum 40kH: Carrelog 100J: Zero-phase Digital Filter 200a Digital Filter 400kHz Histogran
Experimental Physiology 8 Rate/Time display Sampling Rate
Experimental Physiology 日@☒ 口▣☒ 800H Bioclectricty Bioelectricty 10W 10s 年250mw Range of filter 250mW AC AC 0.001s Select nlter 730He 0.002 3: 0.02s 10Hz 0.2s Alternating Current ￥30H 1 100012 C Direet Current 500Mz 5s IkH: DC 3J: Bloelectricty OFF 10y 10gd7 250mW ，250nw AC AC 30 "30Hz ECO Clse ECG Close 日回☒ 800Ht Bioelectricty 10s/dy Range/Amplitude display 250mV 1nV 2.5mv 5mV 10mV 25aV 50mV 100nV Select a single range 250mV 500aV boGlecincty 1nsinv
Experimental Physiology 9 Range of filter Select filter Alternating Current Direct Current Range/Amplitude display Select a single range
Experimental Physiology 5)Experiment:There are some ready-made experimental schemes for physiological, pharmacological and pathphysiological experiments.You can select a special experiment from here to start your experiment,because the correct parameters have been preset.If you cannot find the required items,you can use the functions in the "create experiment"menu to build a new scheme for your own experiment ical Recording and Proceasing Systes 2.04 Epr imdat (Tool)iw的Hlpg) toseelar Herve f4et◆f51 mulating Intensi4y4销轴C4ar4t4n4f5 eletal415 Cirgelation Iffect of Stimulsting Fregocy an the Comtractian af Skeletal taseles a4号ration lat1ofg84sdat5nE1at4a时tyd44gta第 Jicestien Balatian af Stinelating Frequency and Heactian Sente0女rCe Action Fotential of Herve Trark Cant女al nerve easurenats of Sorre Condocting Speed Eniction feustrremats of Serre Befructery Fariol Dischaece of Depresser Serve.IP and EDG ats想a世错nts of Herve Ba行actory Peried Special P世oe Erperinent for P路■clog fuscular Ercitation-Contraction Special Furpose Erperinant for Pathaphosioleg easerrements of Ferve Action Potential,ElG,Basclae Contractien Craale Isstrisental os Ttes Save Cistan Eaperifanlal Ios 0小n04st性增t1I情 entE学FotT短htts Experinental Infareation Junmxiansl Canvar ■king Soter Gron年 Ready-made experimental schemes for international students. 5)Save the file when you finish the experiment.Print the results (Excel file,word file or image)if necessary. 10
Experimental Physiology 10 5) Experiment: There are some ready-made experimental schemes for physiological, pharmacological and pathphysiological experiments. You can select a special experiment from here to start your experiment, because the correct parameters have been preset. If you cannot find the required items, you can use the functions in the “create experiment” menu to build a new scheme for your own experiment. 5) Save the file when you finish the experiment. Print the results (Excel file, word file or image) if necessary. Ready-made experimental schemes for international students