Renal failure Symptoms tired easily breathless no appetite but he does not have nausea nor vomiting bilateral ankle edema Laboratory examination BP:150/100 mm Hg-hypertension Low haemoglobin-anaemia Low HCO3-metabolic acidosis Low plasma Ca2+and high PO2--low Ca2+ High urea-accumulation of nitrogenous waste Protein and red blood cells in the urine
Renal failure Symptoms tired easily breathless no appetite but he does not have nausea nor vomiting bilateral ankle edema Laboratory examination BP: 150/100 mm Hg - hypertension Low haemoglobin - anaemia Low HCO 3 - - metabolic acidosis Low plasma Ca2+ and high PO 4 2- - low Ca2+ High urea – accumulation of nitrogenous waste Protein and red blood cells in the urine
Functions of the kidney 1.Excretion of nitrogenous waste,urea uric acid 2.Regulation of body fluid compartments homeostasis of arterial blood pressure 3.Acid-base balance 4.Production of hormones renin,erythropoietin,vitamin D
Functions of the kidney 1. Excretion of nitrogenous waste, urea & uric acid 2. Regulation of body fluid compartments - homeostasis of arterial blood pressure 3. Acid-base balance 4. Production of hormones - renin, erythropoietin, vitamin D
Minor calyx Major calyx Nephron(enlarged) Papilla Renal cortex -Renal medulla -Renal pelvis Kidney- Rena artery -Renal pyramid Capsule Ureter Ureter- Kidney Figure 26-2 Bladder General organization of the Urethra kidneys and the urinary system
-Interlobar arteries Renal artery- Segmental- -Arcuate arteries arteries Interlobular arterioles Efferent Bowman's Glomerulus arteriole capsule Proximal tubule Juxtaglomerular apparatus Afferent. arteriole Distal tubule Arcuate vein Peritubular capillaries Collecting duct Figure 26-3 Section of the supoly the b od fma oieXanan8onemaoeieenhe circulation of each nephron
Proximal tubule Cortex Connecting tubule Distal tubule Bowman's capsule Macula densa Cortical collecting tubule Loop of Henle: Medulla Thick segment of ascending limb Thin segment of Medullary ascending limb collecting tubule Descending limb Collecting duct Figure 26-4 Basic tubular segments of the nephron.The relative lengths of the different tubular segments are not drawn to scale
Brush border 10 ● Basal membrane Proximal tubule cell No brush border Distal tubule cel Loop of Henle cell Papilla
Cortical Efferent、 arteriole Afferent arteriole Juxtamedullary Interloba arterv vein -Thick loor of Henle Interlobar -artery -vein ecta Collecting -Thin loop duc of Henle Duct of Bellini Figure 26-5 Schematic of relations between blood vessels and tubular struc. tures differences between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons
Urine formation Artery Afferent Glomerular Efferent arteriole capillary arteriole 1.Glomerular filtration 2.Tubular secretion Bowman's 3.Tubular space reabsorption Peritubular Tubule capillary -Vein Urinary excretion Excretion Filtration Reabsorption Secretion
Urine formation Excretion = Filtration – Reabsorption + Secretion
Composition of extracellular fluid compartment Water,proteins,glucose,amino acids,electrolytes (Na',K',Ca2+,Cl,HCO3,Pi),urea and uric acids Composition of renal filtrate in proximal tubules Water,albumin,glucose,amino acids,electrolytes (Na',K',Ca2+,Cl,HCO3,Pi),urea and uric acids Urine Water,electrolytes (Na',K',Ca2*,Cl,HCO3,Pi),urea and uric acids
Composition of extracellular fluid compartment Water, proteins, glucose, amino acids, electrolytes (Na +, K +, Ca2+, Cl -, HCO 3 -, Pi), urea and uric acids Composition of renal filtrate in proximal tubules Water, albumin, glucose, amino acids, electrolytes (Na +, K +, Ca2+, Cl -, HCO 3 -, Pi), urea and uric acids Urine Water, electrolytes (Na +, K +, Ca2+, Cl -, HCO 3 -, Pi), urea and uric acids
Urinary bladder-storage and voiding of urine Bladder -Ureter Fundus -Trigone Bladder neck -External sphincter
Urinary bladder - storage and voiding of urine