Unit Six Text B Animal Learning: /Pavlov and Beyond
Text B Unit Six Animal Learning: Pavlov and Beyond
Unit six Text B L. Pre-Reading task 1. Have you ever heard of I. P. Pavlov, a famous Russian scientist? 2. /What was the important theory he developed? Now read the passage to learn more about Pavlov
Text B I. Pre-Reading Task 1．Have you ever heard of I. P. Pavlov, a famous Russian scientist? 2．What was the important theory he developed? Now read the passage to learn more about Pavlov. Unit Six
Pavlov, Ivan(1849-1936): was a ll Related Information: (1)Russian physiologist known chiefly for his development of the concept of the conditioned reflex. In a now-classic experiment, he trained a hungry dog to salivate at the sound of a bell, which was previously associated with the sight of food. He developed a similar conceptual approach, emphasizing the importance of conditioning, in his pioneering studies relating human behavior to the nervous system. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for his work on digestive Pavlov Ivan secretions
Pavlov, Ivan ( 1849- 1936 ): was a Russian physiologist known chiefly for his development of the concept of the conditioned reflex. In a now-classic experiment, he trained a hungry dog to salivate at the sound of a bell, which was previously associated with the sight of food. He developed a similar conceptual approach, emphasizing the importance of conditioning, in his pioneering studies relating human behavior to the nervous system. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for his work on digestive secretions. II. Related Information: (1) Pavlov, Ivan
ll. Related Information:(2) Julian Huxley(1887 1975) British biologist and author who achieved renown both as a scientist and for his ability to make scientific concepts clear to the public through his writings
Julian Huxley (1887- 1975 ): British biologist and author, who achieved renown both as a scientist and for his ability to make scientific concepts clear to the public through his writings. II. Related Information: (2)
ⅢI. Detailed Study 1. inherit ①继承;成的继承人 e.g: If he dies without making a will, his closest relative win inherit 果他没有立下遗嘱就去世了,他的至亲将成为其继承 人 ②经遗传而得到(性格、身体特质) e.g: He's inherited his father's bad temper 他的坏脾气得自父亲的遗传。 常用短语 inherit sth. from sb.从某人那里继承某物
1. inherit v． ①继承；成……的继承人 e.g: If he dies without making a will，his closest relative win inherit. 如果他没有立下遗嘱就去世了，他的至亲将成为其继承 人。 ②经遗传而得到（性格、身体特质） e.g: He’s inherited his father’s bad temper． 他的坏脾气得自父亲的遗传。 ［常用短语inherit sth. from sb．从某人那里继承某物 III. Detailed Study :
2. adapt v ①(使)适应,(使入适合 e. g: When we moved to France, the children adapted(to the change) very well 我们家搬到法国之后,孩子们很容易便应了(这个变化 Im afraid he cant adapt to the idea of having a woman as his boss 恐怕他难以适应让~个妇女当地上司的主意 ②改编 e.g: Difficult bobs de sometimes adapted for use in schools 难懂的书有时候加以改编以供在中小学使用。 adaptability/ adaptation.适应 【常用短语】 adapt to/ for sth.适应某事
2．adapt v. ①（使）适应，（使）适合 e.g: When we moved to France，the children adapted（to the change） very well． 我们家搬到法国之后，孩子们很容易便适应了（这个变化） I’m afraid he can’t adapt to the idea of having a woman as his boss. 恐怕他难以适应让～个妇女当地上司的主意。 ② 改编 e.g: Difficult bobs de sometimes adapted for use in schools. 难懂的书有时候加以改编以供在中小学使用。 adaptability／adaptation n．适应 【常用短语】adapt to／forsth．适应某事
3. stimulates ①促进,促使,刺激 e.g: I hoped my warning would stimulate her to greater efforts 我希望我的告诚会促使她作出更大的努力。 ②激发,鼓励,激励 g: An inspiring conductor can stimulate the singers to excel 个具有感染力的指挥可以激励歌手演唱得出色。 【常用词组】 stimulate sb. to do sth.促使某人于某事 4.( activity n.拘禁,囚禁,束缚 e.g: The hostages were released from captivity 人质从囚禁中被释放出来了 e.g: Many animals do not breed well In captivity 许多动物一被关人笼中就繁殖得不好。 【常用词组】 In captivity处于监禁之中
3．stimulate v． ① 促进，促使，刺激 e.g: I hoped my warning would stimulate her to greater efforts． 我希望我的告诫会促使她作出更大的努力。 ② 激发，鼓励，激励 e.g: An inspiring conductor can stimulate the singers to excel． 一个具有感染力的指挥可以激励歌手演唱得出色。 【常用词组】 stimulate sb. to do sth．促使某人于某事 4．Captivity n．拘禁，囚禁，束缚 e.g: The hostages were released from captivity． 人质从囚禁中被释放出来了。 e.g: Many animals do not breed well In captivity． 许多动物一被关人笼中就繁殖得不好。 【常用词组】 in captivity处于监禁之中
5. distinguish y ①辨认出,认明 e.g: Can you distinguish the different buildings at such a distance? 你能在这么远的地方看清那些不同的建筑物吗? ②辨别,分清,把…与.加以区别 e.g: It's important to distinguish between compound interest and simple interest.分清复利和单利是重要的。 ③使具有特色,使有别于….,成为.的特征 e.g: Elephants are distinguished by their long trunks 大象因其长鼻子而有别于其他动物 【常用词组】 distinguish.fom.辨别; distinguish oneself表现突 出一
5．distinguish v． ①辨认出，认明 e.g: Can you distinguish the different buildings at such a distance？ 你能在这么远的地方看清那些不同的建筑物吗？ ②辨别，分清，把……..与……加以区别 e.g: It’s important to distinguish between compound interest and simple interest．分清复利和单利是重要的。 ③使具有特色，使有别于……，成为……的特征 e.g: Elephants are distinguished by their long trunks． 大象因其长鼻子而有别于其他动物。 【常用词组】distinguish…from…辨别；distinguish oneself表现突 出
6. incapable adj.①无能力的,不能的,不会的 e.g: He seems to be incapable of understanding simple instructions.他似乎对简单的指示也无法了解。 ②失态的 e. g: He was arrested for being drunk and incapable 他因要酒疯而被捕 【常用词组】 be incapable of doing sth.没有能力千某事 7. according to根据…所说;随着.变更 e.g We will be paid according to the amount of work we do According to you, he is a excellent student
6 . incapable adj．①无能力的，不能的，不会的 e.g: He seems to be incapable of understanding simple instructions．他似乎对简单的指示也无法了解。 ②失态的 e.g: He was arrested for being drunk and incapable． 他因要酒疯而被捕。 【常用词组】be incapable of doing sth．没有能力干某事 7. according to 根据……所说；随着……变更 e.g We will be paid according to the amount of work we do. According to you, he is a excellent student