g国空中的地理 7000 5000 Earth in Space and time 3000 2000 1)早期的太阳系 The Early Solar System Billions of years ago, out of a swirling mass of gas and dust, evolved a system of varied planets hurtling around a nuclear-powered star-our solar system. One of these planets, and one only, give rise to complex life forms. Over time, a tremendous diversity of life forms and ecological system pares developed, while the planet too evolved and changed, its interior churning, its landmasses shifting, its surface constantly being reshaped 减飘 Environmental geology
环境地质学 Environmental Geology 2、时空中的地球 Earth in Space and Time 1）早期的太阳系 The Early Solar System Billions of years ago, out of a swirling mass of gas and dust, evolved a system of varied planets hurtling around a nuclear-powered star-our solar system. One of these planets, and one only, give rise to complex life forms. Over time, a tremendous diversity of life forms and ecological system developed, while the planet too evolved and changed, its interior churning搅拌, its landmasses shifting漂移, its surface constantly being reshaped
2回四中的理 Earth in Space and Time 10000 9000 700 5000 )、早期的太阳系 The Early Solar System Billions of years ago, out of a swirling mass of gas and dust, evolved a system of varied planets hurtling around a nuclear-powered star-our solar system. One of these planets, and one only, give rise to complex life forms. Over time, a tremendous diversity of life forms and ecological system developed, while the Iplanet too evolved and changed, its interior churning# 拌,ts| landmasses shifting漂移, its surface constantly being reshaped 环质 Environmental Geology
环境地质学 Environmental Geology 2、时空中的地球 Earth in Space and Time 1）、早期的太阳系 The Early Solar System Billions of years ago, out of a swirling mass of gas and dust, evolved a system of varied planets hurtling around a nuclear-powered star-our solar system. One of these planets, and one only, give rise to complex life forms. Over time, a tremendous diversity of life forms and ecological system developed, while the planet too evolved and changed, its interior churning搅 拌, its landmasses shifting漂移, its surface constantly being reshaped
回中的球 Earth in Space and time 6000 2)九大行星的形成 The planets 3000 The compositions of the planets foffp/ ded Gaon largely on how near they were to the hot The planets pinet formed nearest to the sun contained mainly high temperature materials: metallic iron and a few minerals with very high melting temperatures, with little water or gas. Somewhat farther out, where temperatures were asteroids》 lower, the developing planets incorporated much larger amounts of lower-temperature minerals, including some that contain water locked within their crystal structures I (This development later made it possible for the earth to pons have liquid water at its surface. Still farther from the sun temperatures were so low that nearly all of the materials in the original gas cloud condensed-even materials like methane and ammonia, which are gases at normal earth surface temperatures and pressures Order s-.Fs Environmental Geology
环境地质学 Environmental Geology 2、时空中的地球 Earth in Space and Time 2）九大行星的形成 The planets The compositions of the planets formed depended largely on how near they were to the hot sun. The planets formed nearest to the sun contained mainly hightemperature materials: metallic iron and a few minerals with very high melting temperatures, with little water or gas. Somewhat farther out, where temperatures were lower, the developing planets incorporated much larger amounts of lower-temperature minerals, including some that contain water locked within their crystal structures. (This development later made it possible for the earth to have liquid water at its surface.) Still farther from the sun, temperatures were so low that nearly all of the materials in the original gas cloud condensed－even materials like methane and ammonia, which are gases at normal earth surface temperatures and pressures
5空的图中的您歌 三 arth in Space and Time 3、地球与其它星体的比较 5000 3000 2000 cable 1.1 50 ome Basic Data on the planets Mean distance Equatorial rom sun diameter asteroids! (millions relative Density Planet of km) to Earth (g/cu cm) Mercu 54、 Predominatly enus 108 0.95 Farth 150 1.00 5.5 rocky/metal Mars 0.53 planets 228 3.9 Jupiter l1.19 13 Saturn 1. 427 2,870 4.06 1.2 Neptune 4, 479 388 planets 1.7 Pluto 5,900 0.23 1.l 8910 环质 Environmental Geology
环境地质学 Environmental Geology 2、时空中的地球 Earth in Space and Time 3、地球与其它星体的比较
8的四中的路 Earth in Space and Tim 4)、地球的结构与组成 manic crust→ up to 10 km(6 mi) thick Mantle Continental Crust crust- (not tol up to 40km(25m) Outer core thick 2900-5000km (1800-3100m Base of crust to 2900km(180m) 环质 Environmental Geology
环境地质学 Environmental Geology 2、时空中的地球 Earth in Space and Time 4）、地球的结构与组成
2、间图中的 Earth in Space and Time 4)理的造与組成 环质 Environmental Geology
环境地质学 Environmental Geology 4）地球的构造与组成 2、时空中的地球 Earth in Space and Time
5)理的演化 Earth, then andino A、(地球的初始无序形态:无海洋、无大气) The early earth was very different from what it is today, lacking the modern oceans and atmosphere and having a much different surface from its present one, probably more closely resembling the barren, cratered surface of the moon. The planet was heated by several processes: the impact of the colliding dust particles and meteorites as they came together to form the earth, compression of the interior by gravity(that materials heat up when compressed can be demonstrated by pumping up a bicycle tire and then feeling the barrel of the pump 1), and energy release from decay of the small amounts of several naturally radioactive elements that the earth contains 环质 Environmental Geology
环境地质学 Environmental Geology 5）地球的演化 Earth, then and now A、(地球的初始无序形态：无海洋、无大气） The early earth was very different from what it is today, lacking the modern oceans and atmosphere and having a much different surface from its present one, probably more closely resembling the barren, cratered surface of the moon. The planet was heated by several processes: the impact of the colliding dust particles and meteorites as they came together to form the earth, compression of the interior by gravity (that materials heat up when compressed can be demonstrated by pumping up a bicycle tire and then feeling the barrel of the pump①), and energy release from decay of the small amounts of several naturally radioactive elements that the earth contains
5)恐珍的演化 Earth, then and now B、(地球的初始无序形态一三类热源、使之熔化、分异 These three heat sources combined to raise the earth's internal temperature enough that parts of it, perhaps eventually most of it, melted although it was probably never molten all at once. Dense materials, like metallic iron would have tended to sink toward the middle of the earth As cooling progressed, lighter, low-density mineral crystallized and floated out toward the surface. the eventual result was an earth differentiated into several major compositional zones; the central core; the surrounding mantle, and a thin crust at the surface(fig 1.1.1). The process was complete before 4 billion years ago.(四十亿年前) 环质 Environmental Geology
环境地质学 Environmental Geology 5）地球的演化 Earth, then and now B、(地球的初始无序形态－三类热源、使之熔化、分异） These three heat sources combined to raise the earth’s internal temperature enough that parts of it, perhaps eventually most of it, melted, although it was probably never molten all at once. Dense materials, like metallic iron, would have tended to sink toward the middle of the earth. As cooling progressed, lighter, low-density mineral crystallized and floated out toward the surface. The eventual result was an earth differentiated into several major compositional zones; the central core; the surrounding mantle; and a thin crust at the surface (fig1.1.1). The process was complete before 4 billion years ago.（四十亿年前）
5)恐的化 Earth, then andin9 C、早期大气层的形成( The earth' s early atmosphere) quite different from the modern one, aside from the effects of modern/ pollution (1)、(无大气层、缺氧) The first atmosphere had little or no free oxygen in it.t probably consisted dominantly of nitrogen and carbon dioxide( the gas most commonly released from volcanoes, aside from water 2 ) with minor amounts of such gases as methane, ammonia, and various sulfur gases 2)、(人类不能生存) Humans could not have survived in this early atmosphere (3)、(藻类造氧说) Oxygen- breathing life of any kind could not exist before the first simple plants-the single-celled blue-green algaeiX-appeared in large numbers to modify the atmosphere. Their remains are found in rocks several billion years old They manufacture food by photosynthesis, using sunlight for energy, consuming carbon dioxide, and releasing oxygen as a by-product. In time, enough oxygen accumulated that the atmosphere could support oxygen-breathing organisms. 环质 Environmental Geology
环境地质学 Environmental Geology 5）地球的演化 Earth, then and now C、早期大气层的形成（The earth’s early atmosphere） quite different from the modern one, aside from the effects of modern pollution. （1）、（无大气层、缺氧）The first atmosphere had little or no free oxygen in it. It probably consisted dominantly of nitrogen and carbon dioxide ( the gas most commonly released from volcanoes, aside from water②) with minor amounts of such gases as methane, ammonia, and various sulfur gases. （2）、（人类不能生存）Humans could not have survived in this early atmosphere. （3）、（藻类造氧说）Oxygen-breathing life of any kind could not exist before the first simple plants-the single-celled blue-green algae藻-appeared in large numbers to modify the atmosphere. Their remains are found in rocks several billion years old. They manufacture food by photosynthesis, using sunlight for energy, consuming carbon dioxide, and releasing oxygen as a by-product. In time, enough oxygen accumulated that the atmosphere could support oxygen-breathing organisms
5)她珍的演化 Earth, then and no D、地球与地球表面岩石年龄的确定 (1)、 Arranging Events in Order(事件排序法 (2) [Correlation] Fossils play a role in the determination or relative ages, too The concept that fossils could be the remains of older life forms dates back at least to the ancient greeks, but for some time it fell out of favor不再、失去. The idea was seriously revived uBj in the 1700s, and around the year 1800, William Smith put forth the law of fauna| Succession(生物层序法) (3), [Uniformitarianism] Geologic processes were the focus of another early worker--the physician, farmer, and part-time geologist James Hutton. Hutton is widely credited with developing and popularizing the concept of uniformitarianism(l #3i. Uniformitarianism is sometimes described briefly by the phrase"the present is the key to the past:”(均变说) 环质 Environmental Geology
环境地质学 Environmental Geology 5）地球的演化 Earth, then and now D、地球与地球表面岩石年龄的确定 （1）、Arranging Events in Order （事件排序法） （2）、[Correlation] Fossils play a role in the determination or relative ages, too. The concept that fossils could be the remains of older life forms dates back at least to the ancient Greeks, but for some time it fell out of favor不再、失去. The idea was seriously revived复苏 in the 1700s, and around the year 1800, William Smith put forth the Law of Faunal Succession（生物层序法）. (3)、[Uniformitarianism] Geologic processes were the focus of another early worker--the physician, farmer, and part-time geologist James Hutton. Hutton is widely credited with developing and popularizing the concept of uniformitarianism① 均变说. Uniformitarianism is sometimes described briefly by the phrase“the present is the key to the past.” （均变说）