2008年考研英语真题和答案 Section I Use of english Directions Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is to say it anyway. He is that bird, a scientist who works independent ly any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested he, however, might tremble at the of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection. This group generally do well in IQ test, 12-15 points above the value of 100, and have contributed to the intellectual and cultural life of the west as the of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists,. they also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts,, have previously been
2008 年考研英语真题和答案 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is to say it anyway. He is that bird, a scientist who works independently any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested. he, however, might tremble at the of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection. This group generally do well in IQ test, 12-15 points above the value of 100, and have contributed to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, , have previously been
thought unrelated. The former has been to social effects, such as a strong tradition of education. The latter was seen as a(an)of genetic isolation. Dr Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately. His argument is that the unusual history of these people has them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this state of affairs 1. [A] selected prepared [c] obliged [D] pleased 2. [A] unique particular [C] special [D] rare 3. [A] of with [c] in [D] against 4. [A] subsequently presently [c] previously [D] lately 5. [A]Only So [C] Even [D]Hence 6. [A] thought sight [C] cost [D] risk 7. [A] advises suggests [C] protests [D] objects 8. [A] progress fact [C] need [D] question 9. [A] attaining scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating 10. [A] normal common [C] mean [D] total 11. [A] unconsciously disproportionately [C] indefinitely [D] unaccountably 12. [A] missions fortunes [c] interests [D] careers 13. [A] affirm witness [C] observe [D] appro 14. [A] moreover therefore [c] however [D] meanwhile 15. [A] given up got over [C] carried on [D] put down 16. [A] assessing supervising [C] administering [D] valuing
thought unrelated. The former has been to social effects, such as a strong tradition of education. The latter was seen as a (an) of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this state of affairs. 1. [A] selected prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased 2. [A] unique particular [C] special [D] rare 3. [A] of with [C] in [D] against 4. [A] subsequently presently [C] previously [D] lately 5. [A] Only So [C] Even [D] Hence 6. [A] thought sight [C] cost [D] risk 7. [A] advises suggests [C] protests [D] objects 8. [A] progress fact [C] need [D] question 9. [A] attaining scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating 10. [A] normal common [C] mean [D] total 11. [A] unconsciously disproportionately [C] indefinitely [D] unaccountably 12. [A] missions fortunes [C] interests [D] careers 13. [A] affirm witness [C] observe [D] approve 14. [A] moreover therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile 15. [A] given up got over [C] carried on [D] put down 16. [A] assessing supervising [C] administering [D] valuing
17. [A] development origin [C] consequence [D] instrument 18. [A] linked integrated [c] woven [D] combined 19. [A] limited subjected [c] converted [D] directed 20. [A] paradoxical incompatible [c] inevitable [D] continuous Section II Reading Comprehension Part a Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 oints) Text 1 While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men, "according to Dr. yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New yorks Veterans Administration Hospital studies of both animals and humans have shown that *xs hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries(the female reproductive organs)removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males
17. [A] development origin [C] consequence [D] instrument 18. [A] linked integrated [C] woven [D] combined 19. [A] limited subjected [C] converted [D] directed 20. [A] paradoxical incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuous Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that *** hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males
Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased"opportunities"for stress. " It's not necessarily that women don't cope as well. It's just that they have so much more to cope with says Dr. yehuda.Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than mens, she observes, " it's just that they re dealing with so any more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner Dr. yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. "I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members and they tend not to be one -shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. "I struggled a lot to get the college degree I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better. "Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. " It's the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck
Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.” Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.” Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck
Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain Alvarez's experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function 21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs? [A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress Women are still suffering much stress caused by men [C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress [D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress 22. Dr. yehuda's research suggests that women [A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress have limited capacity for tolerating stress [C] are more capable of avoiding stress [D] are exposed to more stress 23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be [A] domestic and temporary irreqular and violent [C] durable and frequent [D] trivial and random 24. The sentence " I lived from paycheck to paycheck " (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that
Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function. 21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs? [A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress. Women are still suffering much stress caused by men. [C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress. [D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress. 22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women [A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress. have limited capacity for tolerating stress. [C] are more capable of avoiding stress. [D] are exposed to more stress. 23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be [A] domestic and temporary. irregular and violent. [C] durable and frequent. [D] trivial and random. 24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that
[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money Alvarez's salary barely covered her household expenses Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs [D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check 25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? [A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out? Responses to Stress: Gender Difference [C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say [D] Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress Text 2 It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal No longer. The Internet-and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it -is making access to scientific results a reality. the Organization for economic
[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money. Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses. [C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs. [D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check. 25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? [A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out? Responses to Stress: Gender Difference [C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say [D] Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress Text 2 It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal. No longer. The Internet – and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic
Co-operation and Development(OECD)has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by john Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor. The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2, 000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1. 2 million articles each year in some 16, 000 journals This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75%o of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging: three main ones were identified by the report's authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author Cor his employer)to pay for the paper to be published Finally there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or
Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor. The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals. This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or
international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers 26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses [A] the background information of journal editing the publication routine of laboratory reports [C] the relations of authors with journal publishers [D] the traditional process of journal publication. 27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report? [A] It criticizes government-funded research It introduces an effective means of publication [C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers [D] It benefits scientific research considerably 28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that [A] it provides an easier access to scientific results it brings huge profits to scientific researchers [C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge [D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research 29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is
international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers. 26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses [A] the background information of journal editing. the publication routine of laboratory reports. [C] the relations of authors with journal publishers. [D] the traditional process of journal publication. 27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report? [A] It criticizes government-funded research. It introduces an effective means of publication. [C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers. [D] It benefits scientific research considerably. 28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that [A] it provides an easier access to scientific results. it brings huge profits to scientific researchers. [C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge. [D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research. 29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is
required To [A] cover the cost of its publication subscribe to the journal publishing it [C] allow other online journals to use it freely [D] complete the peer-review before submission 30. Which of the following best summarizes the text? [A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers A new mode of publication is emerging [C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication [D] Publication is rendered easier by online service Text 3 In the early 1960s wilt chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season however he would have been one of 42. the bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, todays people-especially those born to families who have lived in the U.s. for many generations apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren t likely
required to [A] cover the cost of its publication. subscribe to the journal publishing it. [C] allow other online journals to use it freely. [D] complete the peer-review before submission. 30. Which of the following best summarizes the text? [A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers. A new mode of publication is emerging. [C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication. [D] Publication is rendered easier by online service. Text 3 In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames. The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations – apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely
to get any taller. In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we ve pretty much gone as far as we can go, says anthropologist william Cameron Chumlea of wright state University. In the case of NBa players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the orld Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients-notably protein-to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years a pattern known as the secular trend in height. yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height -59" for men. 54 for women - hasn't really changed since 1960 Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism, says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University
to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world. Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients – notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height – 5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women – hasn’t really changed since 1960. Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University
