试卷代号：1015 国家开放大学（中央广播电视大学）2014年春季学期“开放本科”期末考试 高级时事英语试题 2014年7月 注意事项 一、将你的学号、姓名及分校（工作站）名称填写在答题纸的规定栏 内。考试结束后，把试卷和答题纸放在桌上。试卷和答题纸均不得带 出考场。监考人收完考卷和答题纸后才可离开考场。 二、仔细阅读题目的说明，并按题目要求和答题示例答题。答案一 定要写在答题纸指定的位置上，写在试卷上的答案无效。 三、用蓝、黑圆珠笔或钢笔答题，使用铅笔答题无效。 Information for the examinees: This examination consists of three sections.They are: Section I:Listening Test (30 points,20 minutes) Section II:Reading Test (50 points,40 minutes) Section II:Writing Test (20 points,30 minutes) The total marks for this examination are 100 points.Time allowed for completing this examination is 90 minutes. 65
试卷代号 国家开放大学(中央广播电视大学 4年春季学期"开放本科"期末考试 高级时事英语试题 2014 年7 注意事项 一、将你的学号、姓名及分校(工作站)名称填写在答题纸的规定栏 内。考试结束后，把试卷和答题纸放在桌上。试卷和答题纸均不得带 出考场。监考人收完考卷和答题纸后才可离开考场。 二、仔细阅读题目的说明，并按题目要求和答题示例答题。答案一 定要写在答题纸指定的位置上，写在试卷上的答案无效。 三、用蓝、黑圆珠笔或钢笔答题，使用铅笔答题无效。 Information for the examinees: This examination consists of three sections. They are: Section I : Listening Test (30 points,20 minutes) Section H:Reading Test (50 pbints,40 minutes) Section Writing Test (20 points,30 minutes) The total marks for this examination are 100 points. Time allowed for completing this examination is 90 minutes. 65
Section I:Listening Test 30 points Instructions: The Listening Test will take approximately 20 minutes. ■ There are two parts to the test and you will hear each part twice. There will be a pause of 30 seconds after each part to allow you to think about your answers. You can first write your answers on this test paper.You will have a few minutes at the end of the test to transfer your answers to the Answer Sheet. ALL ANSWERS MUST APPEAR ON THE ANSWER SHEET. Part 1:Questions 1-10 are based on this part.10 points,1 point each You are going to hear a conversation on changes in life.Listen to the conversation and choose the best answers to the following questions from A,B or C according to what you hear on the tape.The conversation will be played to you twice. 1.Jack's mother thinks people are. A.better off than 50 years ago B.happier than 50 years ago C.both better off and happier than 50 years ago 2.Jack's children A.play outdoors and invent all kinds of games B.play all the time with educational toys C.spend their time watching TV 3.Both Jack and his mother when they were children A.had burglar alarms B.were free to come and go and play outdoors C.didn't have running water and electricity 4.Jack's mother A.can't get used to having running water and electricity B.couldn't live without running water and electricity C.used to have washing machine and a refrigerator 50 years ago 66
Section I : Listening Test 30 points Instructions • The Listening Test will take approximately 20 minutes. • There are two parts to the test and you will hear each part twice. • There will be a pause of 30 seconds after each part to allow you to think about your answers. • You can first write your answers on this test paper. You will have a few minutes at the end of the test to transfer your answers to the Answer Sheet. LL ANSWERS MUST APPEAR ON THE ANSWER SHEET. Part 1: Qu四tions 1-10 are based on this part. I 10 points, 1 point each ) You are going to hear a conversation on changes in life. Listen to the conversation and chωse the best answers to the following questions from A, B or C according to what you hear on the tape. The conversation will be played to you twice. 1. Jack' s mother thinks people are A. better off than 50 years ago B. happier than 50 years ago C. both better off and happier than 50 years ago 2. Jack's children A. play outdoors and invent all kinds of games B. play all the time with educational toys C. spend their time watching TV 3. Both Jack and his mother when they were children A. had burglar alarms B. were free to come and go and play outdoors C. didn' t have running water and electricity 4. Jack's mother A. can' t get used to having running water and electricity B. couldn' t live without running water and electricity C. used to have washing machine and a refrigerator 50 years ago 66
5.Jack A.has never owned a computer B.can't get used to having a computer C.couldn't manage now without a computer 6.Jack's mother uses_ A.both the telephone and a computer B.only the telephone C.only a computer 7.Jack's sister A.lives in Australia B.lives in Beijing C.is older than Jack 8.Jack thinks communication is easier now because A.he can spend hours on the telephone B.he can fly to Sydney in 12 hours C.he can chat online with his sister 9.Jack's mother A.will be 65 tomorrow B.is no longer so afraid of diseases C.will live 10 years longer 10.Jack's mother is A.74 years old B.75 years old C.65 years old Part 2 Questions 11-20 are based on this part.(20 points,2 points each You are going to hear a conversation on homelessness.Listen to the conversation and decide the following statements are True or False.On the Answer Sheet,write "T"for True and "F"for False.The conversation will be played to you twice. 11.John has been in London for five months. 12.When John's brother arrived John had to leave his friend's flat. 13.John couldn't pay rent because he had no job. 67
B. lives in Beijing B. 75 years old 5. Jack A. has never owned a computer B. can' t get used to having a computer C. couldn't manage now without a computer 6. Jack's mother uses A. both the telephone and a computer B. only the telephone C. only a computer 7. Jack's sister A. lives in Australia C. is older than Jack 8. Jack thinks communication is easier now because A. he can spend hours on the telephone B. he can fly to Sydney in 12 hours C. he can chat online with his sister 9. Jack's mother A. will be 65 tomorrow B. is no longer so afraid of diseases C. will live 10 years longer 10. Jack's mother is A. 74 years old C. 65 years old Part 2 Questions 11 - 20 are based on this part. (20 points, 2 points each ) You are going to hear a conversation on homelessness. Listen to the conversation and decide the following statements are True or False. On the Answer Sheet , write "T" for True and "F" for False. The conversation will be played to you twice. 11.John has been in London for five months. 12. When John's brother arrived John had to leave his frie时's flat. 13. John couldn't pay rent because he had no job. 67
14.Many young people slept in the park during the summer. 15.John had his nineteenth birthday in the park. 16.John sleeps in King's Cross station now. 17.Busking means playing music for money in the streets and tube stations. 18.John doesn't always eat well. 19.John is a famous musician now. 20.John may go home to South Wales in December. This is the end of the Listening Test.You will now have 10 minutes to transfer your answers to the Answer Sheet. SectionⅡ：Reading Test 50 points Instructions: O There are three parts to the test,each including one reading passage. The test will take approximately 40 minutes. There will be NO extra time to transfer answers to the Answer Sheet;therefore,you should write ALL your answers on the Answer Sheet as you do each task. Part 1:Questions 21-30 are based on the following passage.(20 points,2 points each) Within the context of the passage,determine if the following statements are True or False.On the Answer Sheet,.write“T”for True and“F"for False. Dorms or Apartment Most American colleges permit foreign students to live in college housing or housing not owned by the university,such as an apartment.College housing is usually in a building called a dormitory,or dorm for short. Many foreign students say the dorms are less costly than apartments.They say dorms offer quiet study areas and areas for social activities or sports.They say dorms are close to places they go every day,like the library,computer center and classrooms.They also say that living in the dorm provides the best chance to get to know other students. Some dorms are organized into areas called suites.Suites have several bedrooms,a large living area and a bathroom.Six or more people may live in one suite.Other dorms have many rooms along a hallway.Two students usually live in each room.On each floor is a 68
14. Many young people slept in the park during the summer. 15. lohn had his nineteenth birthday in the park. 16. lohn sleeps in King's Cross station now. 17. Busking means playing music for money in the streets and tube stations. 18. lohn doesn't always eat well. 19. lohn is a famous musician now. 20. lohn may go home to South Wales in December. This is the end of the Listening Test. You will now have 10 minutes to transfer your answers to the Answer Sheet. Section n: Reading Test 50 points Instructions: • There are three parts to the test. each including one reading passage. • The test will take approximately 40 minutes. There will be NO extra time to transfer answers to the Answer Sheet; therefore. you should write ALL your answers on the Answer Sheet as you do each task. Part 1: Qu臼tions 21 - 30 are based on the following passage. (20 points. 2 points each) Within the context of the passage , dete口nine if the following statements are True or False. On the Answer Sheet. write "T" for True and "F" for False. Dorms or Apartment Most American colleges permit foreign students to live in college housing or housing not owned by the university. such as an apartment. College housing is usually in a building called a dormitory. or dorm for short. Many foreign students say the dorms are less costly than apartments. They say dorms offer quiet study areas and areas for social activities or sports. They say dorms are close to places they go every day. like the library. computer center and classrooms. They also say that living in the dorm provides the best chance to get to know other students. Some dorms are organized into areas called suites. Suites have several bedrooms. a large living area and a bathroom. Six or more people may live in one suite. Other dorms have many rooms along a hallway. Two students usually live in each room. On each floor is a 68
large bathroom for all the students who live on that floor.Sometimes there is also a kitchen for preparing food. In most universities,males and females live in the same dorm.They may even live on the same floor.But they usually may not live in the same room or suite.Most universities have some separate dorms for men and women. Teaching Assistants Teaching assistants are known as T-A's for short.They usually work about twenty hours each week.They are paid to help college professors teach large numbers of students in lower level classes.Generally,the professor gives a talk or lecture to all the students in a large class one or two times a week.The teaching assistant leads another smaller class each week.The teaching assistant gives tests and reads any homework or reports the students may be required to write.T-A's also meet with individual students seeking help.They attend teaching meetings.And they help organize laboratory equipment if they are helping to teach a science class. Most American colleges and universities must honor legal requirements when employing international students as teaching assistants.One of these is that the T-A must speak good English.Many university departments require all T-A's from non-native English speaking countries to take one of two English speaking tests. One of these is the Test of Spoken English,or TSE.It is offered by the Educational Testing Service.Foreign students can take the test before they arrive in the United States. The other test is the Speaking Proficiency English Assessment Kit,known as the SPEAK test.The college or university usually gives this test to make sure that students will be able to understand the foreign teaching assistant. For example,the University of West Virginia in Morgantown uses foreign teaching assistants.The university requires a good score on either test before an international student is permitted to teach.The university also suggests that foreign graduate students give a short talk to a group of people to make sure they will be understood.Foreign graduate students whose English is not good enough are given duties that do not require communication with students.They are expected to get the necessary help to improve their spoken English. 69
large bathroom for all the students who live on that floor. Sometimes there is also a kitchen for preparing food. In most universities, males and females live in the same dorm. They may even live on the same floor. But they usually may not live in the same room or suite. Most universities have some separate dorms for men and women. Teaching Assistants Teaching assistants are known as T-A' s for short. They usually work about twenty hours each week. They are paid to help college professors teach large numbers of students in lower level classes. Generally , the professor gives a talk or lecture to all the students in a large class one or two times a week. The teaching assistant leads another smaller class each week. The teaching assistant gives tests and reads any homework or reports the students may be required to write. T-A' s also meet with individual students seeking help. They attend teaching meetings. And they help organize laboratory equipment if they are helping to teach a science class. Most American colleges and universities must honor legal requirements when employing international students as teaching assistants. One of these is that the T-A must speak good English. Many university departments require all T-A' s {rom non-native English speaking countries to take one of two English speaking tests. One of these is the Test of Spoken English , or TSE. It is offered by the Educational Testing Service. Foreign students can take the test before they arrive in the United States. The other test is the Speaking Proficiency English Assessment Kit , known as the SPEAK test. The college or university usually gives this test to make sure that students will be able to understand the foreign teaching assistant. For example , the University of West Virginia in Morgantown uses foreign teaching assistants. The university requires a good score on either test before an international student is permitted to teach. The university also suggests that foreign graduate students give a short talk to a group of people to make sure they will be understood. Foreign graduate students whose English is not good enough are given duties that do not require communication with students. They are expected to get the necessary help to improve their spoken English. 69
Within the context of the passage,determine if the following statements are True or False.On the Answer Sheet,write "T"for True and "F"for False. 21.Foreign students can live in housing,which is not owned by the university and less costly than college housing. 22.Dorms offer quiet study place and place for social activities or sports. 23.Here“suite”means“series of connected rooms used as a living unit.” 24.In most universities,man and woman studentss have to live in different dorms. 25.The first part of the passage tells us where the foreign students live when they study in the American college and university. 26.In the second part of the passage,teaching assistants'work is to help college professors teach large numbers of students in higher level classes. 27.The teaching assistant gives tests,reads any homework or reports and even helps with individual students. 28.If international students want to be a teaching assistant,they aren't required to take English speaking tests. 29.The short form“T-A”in the passage stands for“teaching assistant'”. 30.Foreign students can work as teaching assistants to earn money while attending graduate school. Part 2.Questions 31-35 are based on this part.(10 points,2 points each) What kind of people are these construction workers? They drive into town in big cars,and live in furnished rooms,and drink whiskey with beer chasers,and chase women they will soon forget.They linger only a little while,only until they have built the bridge;then they are off again to another town,another bridge, linking everything but their lives. They possess none of the foundation of their bridges.They are part circus,part gypsy-graceful in the air,restless on the ground;it is as if the wide-open road below lacks for them the clear direction of an eight-inch beam stretching across the sky six hundred feet above the sea. When there are no bridges to be built,they will build skyscrapers,or highways,or 70
Within the context of the passage , determine if the following statements are True or False. On the Answer Sheet , write "T" for True and "F" for False. 21. Foreign students can live in housing , which is not owned by the university and less costly than college housing. 22. Dorms offer quiet study place and place for social activities or sports. 23. Here 气uite" means" series of connected rooms used as a living unit. " 24. In most universiti ，man and woman studentss have to live in different dorms. 25. The first part of the passage tells us where the foreign students live when they study in the American college and university. 26. In the second part of the passage , teaching assistants' work is to help college professors teach large numbers of students in higher level classes. 27. The teaching assistant gives tests, reads any homework or reports and even helps with individual students. 28. If international students want to be a teaching assistant , they aren' t required to take English speaking tests. 29. The short form "T-A" in the passage stands for "teaching assistant". 30. Foreign students can work as teaching assistants to earn money while attending graduate school. Part 2. Questions 31-35 are based on this part. (10 points, 2 points each) What kind of people are these construction workers? They drive into town in big cars, and live in furnished rooms, and drink whiskey with beer chasers, and chase women they will soon forget. They linger only a little while , only until they have built the bridge; then they are off again to another town , another bridge , linking everything but their lives. They possess none of the foundation of their bridges. They are part circus, part gypsy - graceful in the restless on the ground; it is as if the wide-open road below lacks for them the clear direction of an eight-inch beam stretching across the sky six hundred feet above the sea. When there are no bridges to be built , they will build skyscrapers, or highways, or 70
power dams,or anything that promises a challenge.They will go anywhere,will drive a thousand miles all day and night to be part of a new building boom.They find boom towns irresistible.that is why they are called "the boomers." In appearance,boomers usually are big men,or if not always big,always strong,and their skin is ruddy from all the sun and wind.Some who heat rivets have charred complexions;some who drive rivets are hard of hearing;some who catch rivets in small metal cones have blisters and body burns;some who do welding see flashes at night while they sleep.Those who connect steel have deep scars along their shins from climbing columns.Many boomers have mangled hands and fingers sliced off by slipped steel.Most have taken falls and broken a limb or two.All have seen death. They are cocky men,men of great pride,and at night they brag and build bridges in bars,and sometimes when they are turning to leave,the bartender will yell after them, "Hey,you guys,how's about clearing some steel out of here?" Complete the following statements by choosing the best from the answers A,B or C.Write A,B or C on your Answer Sheet. 31.The purpose of this passage is to A.explain why construction work is rewarding career B.describe the physical appearance of construction workers C.show the personalities of construction workers 32.Why does the author use the phrase“part circus,part gypsy”？To A.explain why construction workers like to travel B.show how construction workers are similar to acrobats and roaming people C.contrast the differences between construction workers and entertainers 33.The construction workers are called the boomers because A.they are attracted to new building developments B.they have loud and boisterous personalities C.their rivets make an exploding sound 34.Which statement best expresses the main idea of the fourth paragraph? A.Welders and riveters are careless workers. B.Construction workers have strong muscles. C.Construction work is a dangerous job. 71
power dams, or anything that promises a challenge. They will go anywhere , will drive a thousand miles all day and night to be part of a new building boom. They find boom towns irresistible. that is why they are called "the boomers. " In appearance , boomers usually are big men , or if not always big , always strong , and their skin is ruddy from all the sun and wind. Some who heat rivets have charred complexions; some who drive rivets are hard of hearing; some who catch rivets in small metal cones have blisters and body burns; some who do welding see flashes at night while they sleep. Those who connect steel have deep scars along their shins from climbing columns. Many boomers have mangled hands and fingers sliced off by slipped steel. Most have taken falls and broken a limb or two. All have seen death. They are cocky men , men of great pride , and at night they brag and build bridges in bars, and sometimes when they are turning to leave , the bartender will yell after them , "Hey, you guys, how's about clearing some steel out of here?" Complete the following statements by choosing the best from the answers A , B or C. Write A , B or C on your Answer Sheet. 31. The purpose of this passage is to A. explain why construction work is rewarding career B. describe the physical appearance of construction workers C. show the personalities of construction workers 32. Why does the author use the phrase "part circus, part gypsy"? To A. explain why construction workers like to travel B. show how construction workers are similar to acrobats and roaming people C. contrast the differences between construction workers and entertainers 33. The construction workers are called the boomers because A. they are attracted to new building developments B. they have loud and boisterous personalities C. their rivets make an exploding sound 34. Which statement best expresses the main idea of the fourth paragraph? A. Welders and riveters are careless workers. B. Construction workers have strong muscles. C. Constnlction work is a dangerous job. 71
35.If the construction workers had lived in the late nineteenth century,they would probably have A.built railroads B.raised cattle C.planted crops Part 3.Questions 36-40 are based on this part.(20 points,4 points each) Travel in space Travel in space presented a big problem.How could an object get away from the pull of the earth?What was needed was a special engine.It would have to produce enough force to lift a spacecraft weighing many tons.Airplane engines use oxygen.There is no oxygen in space.So a spacecraft needs an engine that works without oxygen.Finding the right kind of engine took many years.Modern scientists used a very old idea-the rocket. A rocket is an engine that burns fuel and moves forward by pushing exhaust backward. Rockets operate by burning fuel in a tube.When the fuel burns,the hot gases produced are allowed to escape in one direction only.This causes a force to push in the opposite direction. Rockets do not need the presence of air.Any oxygen they need is in the fuel mixture that they burn. Rockets can be used to place satellites in orbit.The rocket provides the power for the satellite to get into space.Once the satellite is far enough away from the earth,the rocket falls off.The satellite then circles around the earth on its own. In 1957,the Soviet Union used a rocket to put the first spacecraft into orbit around the earth.It was called Sputnik I.One year later,the United States sent a spacecraft named Explorer I into space.These events marked the start of the space age.Since then,powerful rockets have placed heavier satellites into orbit.They have carried astronauts to the moon. Rockets have launched space probes to fly near the other planets.Powerful computers help these spacecraft to stay on course. Large spacecraft are very expensive to build.The United States has developed a spacecraft that is powerful and can be reused.It is the space shuttle.The space shuttle is different from other spacecraft.It can do three important things.It takes off like a rocket.It can fly in orbit around the earth like a rocket.Most important of all,it can land like an airplane.The shuttle is used to place satellites in orbit.It can also repair satellites that are in orbit.Someday the shuttle will carry people to orbiting space stations.Best of all,the same 72
B. raised cattle 35. If the construction workers had lived in the late nineteenth century. they would probably have A. built railroads C. planted crops Part 3. Qu臼lions 36 - 40 are based on this part. (20 points, 4 points each) Travel in space Travel in space presented a big problem. How could an object get away from the pull of the earth? What was needed was a special engine. It would have to produce enough force to lift a spacecraft weighing many tons. Airplane engines use oxygen. There is no oxygen in space. So a spacecraft needs an engine that works without oxygen. Finding the right kind of engine took many years. Modern scientists used a very old idea-the rocket. A rocket is an engine that burns fuel and moves forward by pushing exhaust backward. Rockets operate by burning fuel in a tube. When the fuel burns. the hot gases produced are allowed to escape in one direction only. This causes a force to push in the opposite direction. Rockets do not need the presence of air. Any oxygen they need is in the fuel mixture that they burn. Rockets can be used to place satellites in orbit. The rocket provides the power for the satellite to get into space. Once the satellite is far enough away from the earth. the rocket falls off. The satellite then circles around the earth on its own. In 1957 , the Soviet Union used a rocket to put the first spacecraft into orbit around the earth. It was called Sputnik I. One year later, the United States sent a spacecraft named Explorer I into space. These events marked the start of the space age. Since then , powerful rockets have placed heavier satellites into orbit. They have carried astronauts to the moon. Rockets have launched space probes to fly near the other planets. Powerful computers help these spacecraft to stay on course. Large spacecraft are very expensive to build. The United States has developed a spacecraft that is powerful and can be reused. It is the space shuttle. The space shuttle is different from other spacecraft. It can do three important things. It takes off like a rocket. It can fly in orbit around the earth like a rocket. Most important of all. it can land like an airplane. The shuttle is used to place satellites in orbit. It can also repair satellites that are in orbit. Someday the shuttle will carry people to orbiting space stations. Best of all , the same 72
shuttle will fly to space and back more than 100 times. The shuttle is made of two parts:the booster and the orbiter.The booster contains large rockets.The orbiter looks like an airplane.The orbiter is attached to the top of the rockets.At lift-off the rockets push the orbiter about 40 kilometers (25mikes).There they separate from the orbiter.The rockets fall to the ocean by parachute.They are picked up, cleaned,and used again. Read the passage and answer the questions according to the passage. 36.How will a rocket get oxygen? 37.How,according to the author,does the satellite get into the space? 38.When did the United States send Explorer I into space? 39.According to the passage,the space shuttle can do three important things,what is the most important thing it can do? 40.By what kind of equipment can the rockets fall to the ocean? SectionⅢ：Writing Test 20 points Instructions: This test will take 30 minutes. ■ Write your essay on the Answer Sheet. You may use the space below to write an outline or a draft Your essay should be about 150 words. Write a short essay about computer.You may write about the development of the electronic technology and the advantages and disadvantages of new technology.You may also tell how people use computers in their daily life and daily work. 73
shuttle will fly to space and back more than 100 times. The shuttle is made of two parts: the booster and the orbiter. The booster contains large rockets. The orbiter looks like an airplane. The orbiter is attached to the top of the rockets. At lift-off the rockets push the orbiter about 40 kilometers (25mikes). There they separate from the orbiter. The rockets fall to the ocean by parachute. They are picked up , cleaned , and used again. Read the passage and answer the qu臼tions according to the passage. 36. How will a rocket get oxygen? 37. How , according to the author, does the satellite get into the space? 38. When did the United States send Explorer I into space? 39. According to the passage , the space shuttle can do three important things, what is the most important thing it can do? 40. By what kind of equipment can the rockets fall to the ocean? Section ill: Writing 臼t Instructions • This test will take 30 minutes. • Write your essay on the Answer Sheet. • You may use the space below to write an outline or a draft. • Your essay should be about 150 words. 20 points Write a short essay about computer. You may write about the development of the electronic technology and the advantages and disadvantages of new technology. You may also tell how people use computers in their daily life and daily work. 73
试卷代号：1015 座位■ 国家开放大学（中央广播电视大学）2014年春季学期“开放本科”期末考试 高级时事英语 试题答题纸 2014年7月 Section I SectionⅡ 题 号 Part 1Part 2Part 1Part 2Part 3 SectionⅢ 总 得 分 Section I Listening Test (30 Points) 得 分 评卷人 Part 1:Questions 1-10(10 points,1 points each) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 得分 评卷人 Part 2:Questions 11-20(20 points,2 points each) 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. SectionⅡReading Test (50 points) 得 分 评卷人 Part 1:Questions 21-30(20 points,2 points each) 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 74
试卷代号 座位号 国家开放大学(中央广播电视大学 4年春季学期"开放本科"期末考试 高级时事英语试题答题纸 2014 年7 Section I Section IT Section III Part 11 Part 2 Part 11 Part 21 Part 3 Section I Listening Test (30 Points) ar 01u on nu nu nro n nro n a 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Part 2:Qoestions 11-20 (20 points, 2 points each) 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Section IT Reading Test (50 points) par Qu on qanu 9unu nro n q , " nrnvn a 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 74 27. 28. 29. 30