, cIScO Building the Mobile Internet Pervasive.ubiquitous computing technologies and protocols that are shaping the future of ou mobile experience
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iv Building the Mobile Internet About the Authors Mark Grayson isa distinguished consulting engineer at Cisco Systems with responsibili ty for leading Cisco's mobile architecture strategy.He has over 20 years of experience in the wireless industry,ranging from the development of military systems,the definition of satellite communication architectures,and the evolution of traditional cellular systems to the creation of the latest small-cell solutions.He holds a first class honors degree in elec tronics and communications engineering from the University of Birmingham(England) together with a Ph.D.in radio communications.Mark has been granted over 50 patents in e area of mobile co munications and is the coauthor of IP Design for Mobile Networks (Cisco Press). You can contact Mark Grayson at mgrayson@cisco.com Kevin Shatzkamer is a distinguished systems architect at Cisco Systems with responsibil ity for long-term strategy and architectural evolution of mobile wireless networks.He has worked at Cisco and in the mobile wireless industry for over 10 years,focusing on vari- ous technologies that include 3G and ITE networks,packet gateways,network-based services and security,video distribution,quality of service,and end-to-end design theory Kevin holds four issued patents and has 16 pending patents related to all areas of work. Kevin holds a Bachelor of Engineering degree from the University of Florida and a Master of Business Administration from Indiana University. Kevin Shatzkar ne r is a reg ular speaker at various trade shows and indus forums and has e ly pub sign for Mo Nerworks,a( bool at dis ogies and requirements shaping the future of mob from RA to services.Kevin's current area of focus is the end-to-end digital media value chain for mobility,working with both content providers and service providers to create unique mobile media service offerings. You can contact Kevin Shatzkamer at kshatzka@cisco.com. Klaas Wierenga is a senior consulting engineer in the office of the CTO at Cisco.His 15- years of experence incude the planning,analyss and design of numerous solton palities hospitals and uni d wide.Klaas is rldwide that forms th basis of the Dutch government's e-Identity portfolio.He is the author of numerous publications and has presented many times on wireless networking,security, and identity topics.Klaas is active within 3GPP in the group responsible for the security architecture of future mobile networks.He serves as chairman of the Abfab Working Group in the IETF,which deals with federated access for non-web applications,as well as of the Task Force on Mobility and Network Middleware of TERENA,the European Association for Research and Education Networks.Klaas holds a master's degree in com puter science from the University of Groningen (The Netherlands). You can contact Klaas Wierenga at klaas@cisco.com From
ptg About the Authors Mark Grayson is a distinguished consulting engineer at Cisco Systems with responsibility for leading Cisco’s mobile architecture strategy. He has over 20 years of experience in the wireless industry, ranging from the development of military systems, the definition of satellite communication architectures, and the evolution of traditional cellular systems to the creation of the latest small-cell solutions. He holds a first class honors degree in electronics and communications engineering from the University of Birmingham (England) together with a Ph.D. in radio communications. Mark has been granted over 50 patents in the area of mobile communications and is the coauthor of IP Design for Mobile Networks (Cisco Press). You can contact Mark Grayson at mgrayson@cisco.com. Kevin Shatzkamer is a distinguished systems architect at Cisco Systems with responsibility for long-term strategy and architectural evolution of mobile wireless networks. He has worked at Cisco and in the mobile wireless industry for over 10 years, focusing on various technologies that include 3G and LTE networks, packet gateways, network-based services and security, video distribution, quality of service, and end-to-end design theory. Kevin holds four issued patents and has 16 pending patents related to all areas of work. Kevin holds a Bachelor of Engineering degree from the University of Florida and a Master of Business Administration from Indiana University. Kevin Shatzkamer is a regular speaker at various trade shows and industry forums and has previously published IP Design for Mobile Networks, a Cisco Press book that discusses the technologies and requirements shaping the future of the mobile Internet, from RAN to services. Kevin’s current area of focus is the end-to-end digital media value chain for mobility, working with both content providers and service providers to create unique mobile media service offerings. You can contact Kevin Shatzkamer at kshatzka@cisco.com. Klaas Wierenga is a senior consulting engineer in the office of the CTO at Cisco. His 15- plus years of experience include the planning, analysis, and design of numerous solutions for enterprises, municipalities, hospitals, and universities in the fields of mobility, security, and identity worldwide. Klaas is the original creator of the worldwide eduroam service for federated network access in academia and cocreator of the federated identity solution that forms the basis of the Dutch government’s e-Identity portfolio. He is the author of numerous publications and has presented many times on wireless networking, security, and identity topics. Klaas is active within 3GPP, in the group responsible for the security architecture of future mobile networks. He serves as chairman of the Abfab Working Group in the IETF, which deals with federated access for non-web applications, as well as of the Task Force on Mobility and Network Middleware of TERENA, the European Association for Research and Education Networks. Klaas holds a master’s degree in computer science from the University of Groningen (The Netherlands). You can contact Klaas Wierenga at klaas@cisco.com. iv Building the Mobile Internet From
About the Technical Reviewer Scott Brim isa Senior Consulting Engineer in the office of the CTOat Cisco.He received a versity and has been active in develop ing communication magna cum laude nology since He has beenat Previous to that,he was research staff at Cornell University for 18 years and Director of Technology Strategy at Newbridge Networks for 3 years.Technically,he has spent 12 years on Internet routing,5 years on Internet QoS,and 4 years on mobile services.His particular interest has always been making different technologies or technology layers interwork better.He is currently focused on the future mobile Internet infrastructure and how pro- posed fundamental changes to Internet architecture in routing,addressing.mobility and He has also been active in a number of standards bodies,most recently the IETF ITU-T. and GSMA. From
ptg About the Technical Reviewer Scott Brim is a Senior Consulting Engineer in the office of the CTO at Cisco. He received a BA magna cum laude from Harvard University and has been active in developing communications technology since 1978. He has been at Cisco since 2000. Previous to that, he was research staff at Cornell University for 18 years and Director of Technology Strategy at Newbridge Networks for 3 years. Technically, he has spent 12 years on Internet routing, 5 years on Internet QoS, and 4 years on mobile services. His particular interest has always been making different technologies or technology layers interwork better. He is currently focused on the future mobile Internet infrastructure and how proposed fundamental changes to Internet architecture in routing, addressing, mobility and identity can create a robust, flexible, beneficial synergy. He has also been active in a number of standards bodies, most recently the IETF, ITU-T, and GSMA. v From
vi Building the Mobile Internet Dedications I dedicate this book to my parents,Anne and Bryan,for their ever-present encouragement and support.I would like to thank my wife Sharon and two sons,Charlie and Harry,not the least for their inspiration for Chapter 7:I'm sure it won't be long before your net- worked lives of iPods,iPads,and PCs become fully mobilized Internet experiences. Finally,I would also like to thank the many friends,coworkers,and mentors who,over the last 20-odd years,have helped me achieve so much. -Mark Grayson I dedicate this second book to wife and far who,having experienced the time and ring a b hg the nd,all my young childr a second enassured me that our content reviewers would catch that I did not reference SpongeBob SquarePants,who much to my surprise,is the founder of the mobile Internet.Alas,you will find no refer ence to SpongeBob in this book,partially because we did not have adequate time to receive all relevant copyright information,and partially because we have sought to pro- vide an alternative theory into the development of the mobile Internet.To my children- may your reality always consist of Santa Claus,the Easter Bunny.and SpongeBob SquarePants. -Kevin Sbatzkamer sant and optim the deadlines of this book while doing my day job.To my parents for making me explain the things I was working on in a nongeek way.And to my former colleagues at SURFnet, current colleagues at Cisco,and all the others I have worked with in the past years for shaping my understanding of the topics at hand and providing the often-so-necessary cri- tique.In particular,I would like to thank the participants in the Task Force on Mobility and Network Middleware of TERENA and the members of the Mobile Internet project team at Cisco,without what I learned in the many discussions,fights,meals,and beers I have had with you,I could not have written this book. -Klaas Wierenga From
ptg Dedications I dedicate this book to my parents, Anne and Bryan, for their ever-present encouragement and support. I would like to thank my wife Sharon and two sons, Charlie and Harry, not the least for their inspiration for Chapter 7; I’m sure it won’t be long before your networked lives of iPods, iPads, and PCs become fully mobilized Internet experiences. Finally, I would also like to thank the many friends, coworkers, and mentors who, over the last 20-odd years, have helped me achieve so much. —Mark Grayson I dedicate this second book to my wife and family, who, having experienced the time and commitment to authoring a book during the first round, allowed me to write a second one. As I explained the context of this second book, my young children assured me that our content reviewers would catch that I did not reference SpongeBob SquarePants, who, much to my surprise, is the founder of the mobile Internet. Alas, you will find no reference to SpongeBob in this book, partially because we did not have adequate time to receive all relevant copyright information, and partially because we have sought to provide an alternative theory into the development of the mobile Internet. To my children— may your reality always consist of Santa Claus, the Easter Bunny, and SpongeBob SquarePants. —Kevin Shatzkamer I dedicate this book to my wife Licia, who has been very supportive and patient whenever I deviated from my regular pleasant and optimistic self—ahem ;-)—in trying to meet the deadlines of this book while doing my day job. To my parents for making me explain the things I was working on in a nongeek way. And to my former colleagues at SURFnet, current colleagues at Cisco, and all the others I have worked with in the past years for shaping my understanding of the topics at hand and providing the often-so-necessary critique. In particular, I would like to thank the participants in the Task Force on Mobility and Network Middleware of TERENA and the members of the Mobile Internet project team at Cisco, without what I learned in the many discussions, fights, meals, and beers I have had with you, I could not have written this book. —Klaas Wierenga vi Building the Mobile Internet From
Acknowledgments We'd like to thank the Pears and Thanks to Mary Beth Ray for getting this book contracted and managing the process from beginning to end.We understand that we are not always the easiest to work with,and your involvement has made the authoring process a bit less painful. Thanks to Christopher Cleveland,Mandie Frank,and John Edwards for their fantastic editing of the book. Thanks to the many others at Pearson who were part of developing and producing this book.Som mes it nain faceless and n meless that tend to do the majority of the work,and we recognize that Thanks to Moray Rumney at Agilent for giving his permission to use the chart in Figure 1-9 and for his comprehensive analysis of the radio frequency challenges in today's cellular systems. Thanks to Morgan Stanley Research for its permission to use the chart in Figure 1-1. Thanks to SURFnet for making the diagrams in Figures 3-3 and 3-9 available under a Creative Commons license. Thanks to TERENA for its permission to use the chart in Figure 3-7. We'd like to thank Tom Carpenter for providing technical feedback on the many topics that this book covers.Also,thanks to all the technical reviewers,especially Scott Brim who took the time to read our gibberish and turn it into gold. From
ptg Acknowledgments We’d like to thank the Pearson production team for their time and effort in creating this book, for patience during the delays resulting from our jobs, and for providing valuable and insightful feedback during the entire process. Specifically: ■ Thanks to Mary Beth Ray for getting this book contracted and managing the process from beginning to end. We understand that we are not always the easiest to work with, and your involvement has made the authoring process a bit less painful. ■ Thanks to Christopher Cleveland, Mandie Frank, and John Edwards for their fantastic editing of the book. ■ Thanks to the many others at Pearson who were part of developing and producing this book. Sometimes it is those who remain faceless and nameless that tend to do the majority of the work, and we recognize that. ■ Thanks to Moray Rumney at Agilent for giving his permission to use the chart in Figure 1-9 and for his comprehensive analysis of the radio frequency challenges in today’s cellular systems. ■ Thanks to Morgan Stanley Research for its permission to use the chart in Figure 1-1. ■ Thanks to SURFnet for making the diagrams in Figures 3-3 and 3-9 available under a Creative Commons license. ■ Thanks to TERENA for its permission to use the chart in Figure 3-7. We’d like to thank Tom Carpenter for providing technical feedback on the many topics that this book covers. Also, thanks to all the technical reviewers, especially Scott Brim, who took the time to read our gibberish and turn it into gold. vii From
viii Building the Mobile Internet Contents at a Glance Introduction xvii PartI Introduction Chapter 1 Introduction to"Mobility"1 Chapter 2 Intemnet"“Sessions”13 Partll Mobility Approaches Chapter 3 Nomadicity 35 Chapter4 Data Link Layer Mobility 55 Chapter 5 Network Layer Mobility 93 Chapter 6 Transport/Session Layer Mobility 161 Chapter 7 Application Mobility 195 Chapter 8 Locator-ldentifier Separation 219 Index 235 From
ptg Contents at a Glance Introduction xvii Part I Introduction Chapter 1 Introduction to “Mobility” 1 Chapter 2 Internet “Sessions” 13 Part II Mobility Approaches Chapter 3 Nomadicity 35 Chapter 4 Data Link Layer Mobility 55 Chapter 5 Network Layer Mobility 93 Chapter 6 Transport/Session Layer Mobility 161 Chapter 7 Application Mobility 195 Chapter 8 Locator-Identifier Separation 219 Index 235 viii Building the Mobile Internet From
Contents Introduction xvii Partl Introduction Chapter 1 Introduction to"Mobility"1 Mobility Market 2 ConsumptionTrends 5 Mobile Challenges 9 Summary 11 Endnotes 12 Chapter2 Internet“Sessions'”13 The Internet and Communication 13 Packet Switching Versus Circuit Switching 14 IP over Everything.Everything over IP 15 Addresses 16 IPv4 Addresses 16 Routing 19 Routers 19 Routing Prorocols 20 Broadcast 20 IP Multicast 20 Network Address Translation 21 TCP/IP Five-Layer Model 21 Layer 1:The Physical Layer 23 Layer 2:The Data Link Layer 23 Etberner 23 ARP 24 Layer 3:The Internet or IP Layer 24 Layer 4:The Transport Layer 24 UDP 25 TCP 25 Layer 5:The Application Layer 27 Socket API 27 DNS 28 From
ptg ix Contents Introduction xvii Part I Introduction Chapter 1 Introduction to “Mobility” 1 Mobility Market 2 Consumption Trends 5 Mobile Challenges 9 Summary 11 Endnotes 12 Chapter 2 Internet “Sessions” 13 The Internet and Communication 13 Packet Switching Versus Circuit Switching 14 IP over Everything, Everything over IP 15 Addresses 16 IPv4 Addresses 16 IPv6 Addresses 18 Routing 19 Routers 19 Routing Protocols 20 Broadcast 20 IP Multicast 20 Network Address Translation 21 TCP/IP Five-Layer Model 21 Layer 1: The Physical Layer 23 Layer 2: The Data Link Layer 23 Ethernet 23 ARP 24 Layer 3: The Internet or IP Layer 24 Layer 4: The Transport Layer 24 UDP 25 TCP 25 Layer 5: The Application Layer 27 Socket API 27 DNS 28 From
x Building the Mobile Internet DHCP 29 HTTP 29 Sessions and Mobility 30 Session Persistence and the Locator-Identifier Problem 30 Building the Mobile Internet 31 Summary 32 Endnotes 32 Partll Mobility Approaches Chapter 3 Nomadicity 35 Authentication and Authorization 36 Authentication and Authorization in LTE 36 Authentication and Authorization in Wi-Fi Networks 39 Caprive Portals 39 802.1X and EAP 39 Authentication and Authorization for Internet Applications 41 Federated Identity 41 Federated Access in LTE 43 3GPPAccess 43 Non-3GPP Access 43 Federated Access to Wi-Fi Networks 43 Roaming to Otber Wi-Fi Networks 44 802.11w45 Example of Wi-Fi Roaming:eduroam 45 Federated Access to Applications with SAML 48 Location Information and Context Awareness 49 Location Information in LTE 49 Location Information for Wi-Fi Networks 50 Privacy and Security 50 Privacy and Security in LTE 51 Privacy and Security in Wi-Fi Networks 51 Privacy and Security in SAML 51 DynDNS 52 Summary 52 Endnotes 53 From
ptg DHCP 29 HTTP 29 Sessions and Mobility 30 Session Persistence and the Locator-Identifier Problem 30 Building the Mobile Internet 31 Summary 32 Endnotes 32 Part II Mobility Approaches Chapter 3 Nomadicity 35 Authentication and Authorization 36 Authentication and Authorization in LTE 36 Authentication and Authorization in Wi-Fi Networks 39 Captive Portals 39 802.1X and EAP 39 Authentication and Authorization for Internet Applications 41 Federated Identity 41 Federated Access in LTE 43 3GPP Access 43 Non-3GPP Access 43 Federated Access to Wi-Fi Networks 43 Roaming to Other Wi-Fi Networks 44 802.11u 45 Example of Wi-Fi Roaming: eduroam 45 Federated Access to Applications with SAML 48 Location Information and Context Awareness 49 Location Information in LTE 49 Location Information for Wi-Fi Networks 50 Privacy and Security 50 Privacy and Security in LTE 51 Privacy and Security in Wi-Fi Networks 51 Privacy and Security in SAML 51 DynDNS 52 Summary 52 Endnotes 53 x Building the Mobile Internet From
Contents xi Chapter 4 Data Link Layer Mobility 55 Mobility Across an Ethernet-Bridged Domain 56 Interaction Between Mobility and Dynamic IP Address Allocation 57 Mobility Using Wireless LAN Technology 58 Fast Wireless LAN Local Mobility 59 Wireless LANs and Mobility Across a Layer 3 Domain 62 Interwireless LAN Controller Mobility 64 GPRS Tunneling Protocol 68 GPRS Tunneling Protocol 70 3GPP Mobility Using GTP 73 Access Point Name 73 PDP Context Activation 74 Mobility and Context Transfer 76 Proxy Mobile IPv6-Based Mobility 77 IETF Network-Based Mobility 78 WiMAX Mobility Using Proxy Mobile IP 79 WiMAX Session Establisbment 81 PMIPv6-Based WiMAX Session Mobiliry 82 PMIPv6-Based Session Termination 84 3GPP Mobility Using Proxy Mobile IP 84 Delivering Equivalent GTP Functions witb PMIPv6 85 Intertecbnology Handover 86 Data link laver solutions to providing mobility across heterogeneous Access Networks 87 3GPP Generic Access Network 87 Host Impacts of Data Link Layer Mobility 89 Summary 90 Endnotes 91 Chapter 5 Network Layer Mobility 93 Mobile IPv4 96 Mobile IPv4 Technology Overview 97 Network-Specific Terms 97 Network Element-Specific Terms 98 Addressing-Specific Terms 99 Mobile IPv4 Operation 100 From
ptg Chapter 4 Data Link Layer Mobility 55 Mobility Across an Ethernet-Bridged Domain 56 Interaction Between Mobility and Dynamic IP Address Allocation 57 Mobility Using Wireless LAN Technology 58 Fast Wireless LAN Local Mobility 59 Wireless LANs and Mobility Across a Layer 3 Domain 62 Interwireless LAN Controller Mobility 64 GPRS Tunneling Protocol 68 GPRS Tunneling Protocol 70 3GPP Mobility Using GTP 73 Access Point Name 73 PDP Context Activation 74 Mobility and Context Transfer 76 Proxy Mobile IPv6-Based Mobility 77 IETF Network-Based Mobility 78 WiMAX Mobility Using Proxy Mobile IP 79 WiMAX Session Establishment 81 PMIPv6-Based WiMAX Session Mobility 82 PMIPv6-Based Session Termination 84 3GPP Mobility Using Proxy Mobile IP 84 Delivering Equivalent GTP Functions with PMIPv6 85 Intertechnology Handover 86 Data Link Layer Solutions to Providing Mobility Across Heterogeneous Access Networks 87 3GPP Generic Access Network 87 Host Impacts of Data Link Layer Mobility 89 Summary 90 Endnotes 91 Chapter 5 Network Layer Mobility 93 Mobile IPv4 96 Mobile IPv4 Technology Overview 97 Network-Specific Terms 97 Network Element–Specific Terms 98 Addressing-Specific Terms 99 Mobile IPv4 Operation 100 Contents xi From
xii Building the Mobile Interne Mobile IPv4 Agent Discovery 101 Agent Advertisements 101 Agent Solicitations 102 Mobile IPv4 Registration and AAA 103 Mobile IPv4 Registration 103 RRO and RRP Messages 105 Autbentication Extensions 108 Mobile IPv4 AAA Interactions 109 RADIUS Interactions 111 Diameter Applications 112 Mobile IPv4 Tunnels,Bindings,and Datagram Forwarding 114 Tunneling and Reverse Tunneling 115 Mobile IPv4 and Layer 2 Interactions 117 Mobile IPv4 in Practice 119 3GPP2 Implementarion of Mobile IPv4 119 Mobile IPv6 Technology Overview 122 Mobile IPv6 Operation 123 Bidirectional Tunneling Mode 123 Route Oprimization Mode 124 Mobile IPv6 Messages and Message Formats 126 Dynamic Home Agent Discovery 130 Mobile IPv6 Bootstrapping 131 RADIUS Support for Mobile IPv6 131 Diameter Support for Mobile IPv6 134 Nerwork Mobility Basic Support Protocol 134 Mobile IPv6 in Practice 135 WiMAX Forum NWG Implementation of Mobile IPv6 136 Dual-Stack Mobile IP 140 Mobile IPv4 Extensions to Support IPv6 141 Mobile IPv6 Extensions to Support IPv4 142 MOBIKE Technology Overview 143 IKEv2 Terminology and Processes 144 IKEv2 IKE_SA_INIT 145 IKEv2 IKE_AUTH 146 IKEv2 Message Formats 148 From
ptg Mobile IPv4 Agent Discovery 101 Agent Advertisements 101 Agent Solicitations 102 Mobile IPv4 Registration and AAA 103 Mobile IPv4 Registration 103 RRQ and RRP Messages 105 Authentication Extensions 108 Mobile IPv4 AAA Interactions 109 RADIUS Interactions 111 Diameter Applications 112 Mobile IPv4 Tunnels, Bindings, and Datagram Forwarding 114 Tunneling and Reverse Tunneling 115 Mobile IPv4 and Layer 2 Interactions 117 Mobile IPv4 in Practice 119 3GPP2 Implementation of Mobile IPv4 119 Mobile IPv6 Technology Overview 122 Mobile IPv6 Operation 123 Bidirectional Tunneling Mode 123 Route Optimization Mode 124 Mobile IPv6 Messages and Message Formats 126 Dynamic Home Agent Discovery 130 Mobile IPv6 Bootstrapping 131 RADIUS Support for Mobile IPv6 131 Diameter Support for Mobile IPv6 134 Network Mobility Basic Support Protocol 134 Mobile IPv6 in Practice 135 WiMAX Forum NWG Implementation of Mobile IPv6 136 Dual-Stack Mobile IP 140 Mobile IPv4 Extensions to Support IPv6 141 Mobile IPv6 Extensions to Support IPv4 142 MOBIKE Technology Overview 143 IKEv2 Terminology and Processes 144 IKEv2 IKE_SA_INIT 145 IKEv2 IKE_AUTH 146 IKEv2 Message Formats 148 xii Building the Mobile Internet From