This is the Pre-Published Version. A REVIEW OF RECENT STUDIES ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN RENEWAL Helen Wei Zheng,zheng.wei@connect.polyu.hk,Department of Building and Real Estate,the Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Kowloon,Hong Kong Geoffrey Qiping Shen,geoffrey.shen@polyu.edu.hk,Department of Building and Real Estate,the Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Kowloon,Hong Kong Hao Wang,holy.wong@connect.polyu.hk,Department of Building and Real Estate, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Kowloon,Hong Kong ABSTRACT Urban renewal and sustainable development are two popular issues in both policy agenda and academia.Although their importance has been increasingly recognized,an integrated review covering sustainability,planning,and urban renewal has yet to be produced.Based on 81 journal papers,this paper presents a critical review of recent studies on sustainable urban renewal over the period 1990 to 2012.The review focuses on the planning sub-system and the social sub-system of urban renewal in terms of the evaluation of sustainability.The complexity of achieving sustainable urban renewal is emphasized and discussed. To better clarify the mechanism behind the urban renewal process and improve urban sustainability,recommendations of future research directions are also provided. 1.INTRODUCTION Urban renewal has been regarded as a sound approach to promoting land values and improving environmental quality (Adams Hastings,2001);rectifying the urban decay problem and meeting various socioeconomic objectives(Lee Chan, 2008a);and enhancing existing social networks,improving inclusion of vulnerable groups,and changing adverse impacts on the living environment (Chan Yung,2004).In order to help tackle these issues,many studies have been conducted in this field.As sustainable development corresponds to urban renewal in terms of social,economic and environmental sustainability,it has been recognized that urban renewal and sustainability should be combined together.The urban renewal process involves various planning issues and different stakeholders,the relationship between which complicates the process. In order to achieve effective and efficient sustainable urban renewal practice,it is first necessary to understand the mechanism behind it.Discussions by other researchers on these issues are scattered in different areas with an integrated review covering sustainability,planning,and urban renewal yet to be produced
A REVIEW OF RECENT STUDIES ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN RENEWAL Helen Wei Zheng, zheng.wei@connect.polyu.hk, Department of Building and Real Estate, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Geoffrey Qiping Shen, geoffrey.shen@polyu.edu.hk, Department of Building and Real Estate, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Hao Wang, holy.wong@connect.polyu.hk, Department of Building and Real Estate, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong ABSTRACT Urban renewal and sustainable development are two popular issues in both policy agenda and academia. Although their importance has been increasingly recognized, an integrated review covering sustainability, planning, and urban renewal has yet to be produced. Based on 81 journal papers, this paper presents a critical review of recent studies on sustainable urban renewal over the period 1990 to 2012. The review focuses on the planning sub-system and the social sub-system of urban renewal in terms of the evaluation of sustainability. The complexity of achieving sustainable urban renewal is emphasized and discussed. To better clarify the mechanism behind the urban renewal process and improve urban sustainability, recommendations of future research directions are also provided. 1. INTRODUCTION Urban renewal has been regarded as a sound approach to promoting land values and improving environmental quality (Adams & Hastings, 2001); rectifying the urban decay problem and meeting various socioeconomic objectives (Lee & Chan, 2008a); and enhancing existing social networks, improving inclusion of vulnerable groups, and changing adverse impacts on the living environment (Chan & Yung, 2004). In order to help tackle these issues, many studies have been conducted in this field. As sustainable development corresponds to urban renewal in terms of social, economic and environmental sustainability, it has been recognized that urban renewal and sustainability should be combined together. The urban renewal process involves various planning issues and different stakeholders, the relationship between which complicates the process. In order to achieve effective and efficient sustainable urban renewal practice, it is first necessary to understand the mechanism behind it. Discussions by other researchers on these issues are scattered in different areas with an integrated review covering sustainability, planning, and urban renewal yet to be produced. This is the Pre-Published Version
This paper therefore presents a critical review of recent studies on sustainable urban renewal.It starts with the background of sustainable urban renewal, followed by the research methodology and an overall picture of the research progress.Selected papers are then discussed from three aspects,namely planning sub-system in sustainable urban renewal,stakeholders and their engagement,and evaluation of sustainable urban renewal.Finally,the discussion section includes a summary the findings from this study and recommendations for future related research. 2.BACKGROUND OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN RENEWAL Urban renewal has become a major element of urban policy in many countries and regions.Couch(1990)gave two reasons for its growing importance.Firstly, people increasingly moving to and living in urban areas,in particular old urban areas,give rise to the need for renewal of the urban fabric.Secondly,urban renewal responds to the concern of urban sprawl and large quantities of abandoned urban areas.Nowadays,it is closely involved with sustainable development. Definition of Urban Renewal Urban renewal,urban regeneration,urban redevelopment,and urban rehabilitation share similar meanings in the town planning field but are significantly different in terms of scale.Urban renewal and urban regeneration have very similar meanings and both involve work of a relatively large scale: urban renewal is defined as the process of slum clearance and physical redevelopment that takes account of other elements such as heritage preservation(Couch,Sykes,Boerstinghaus,2011);while urban regeneration is a comprehensive integration of vision and action aimed at resolving the multi-faceted problems of deprived urban areas to improve their economic, physical,social,and environmental conditions (Ercan,2011).By comparison, urban redevelopment is more specific and on a smaller scale,being any new construction on a site that has pre-existing uses,such as the redevelopment of a block of townhouses into a large apartment building(De Sousa,2008),and urban rehabilitation is restoring a building to good condition,operation,or capacity (Zuckerman,1991).In summary,urban renewal(used interchangeably with urban regeneration throughout this paper),aims at improving the physical, social-economic and ecological aspects of urban areas through various actions including redevelopment,rehabilitation,and heritage preservation
This paper therefore presents a critical review of recent studies on sustainable urban renewal. It starts with the background of sustainable urban renewal, followed by the research methodology and an overall picture of the research progress. Selected papers are then discussed from three aspects, namely planning sub-system in sustainable urban renewal, stakeholders and their engagement, and evaluation of sustainable urban renewal. Finally, the discussion section includes a summary the findings from this study and recommendations for future related research. 2. BACKGROUND OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN RENEWAL Urban renewal has become a major element of urban policy in many countries and regions. Couch (1990) gave two reasons for its growing importance. Firstly, people increasingly moving to and living in urban areas, in particular old urban areas, give rise to the need for renewal of the urban fabric. Secondly, urban renewal responds to the concern of urban sprawl and large quantities of abandoned urban areas. Nowadays, it is closely involved with sustainable development. Definition of Urban Renewal Urban renewal, urban regeneration, urban redevelopment, and urban rehabilitation share similar meanings in the town planning field but are significantly different in terms of scale. Urban renewal and urban regeneration have very similar meanings and both involve work of a relatively large scale: urban renewal is defined as the process of slum clearance and physical redevelopment that takes account of other elements such as heritage preservation (Couch, Sykes, & Boerstinghaus, 2011); while urban regeneration is a comprehensive integration of vision and action aimed at resolving the multi-faceted problems of deprived urban areas to improve their economic, physical, social, and environmental conditions (Ercan, 2011). By comparison, urban redevelopment is more specific and on a smaller scale, being any new construction on a site that has pre-existing uses, such as the redevelopment of a block of townhouses into a large apartment building (De Sousa, 2008), and urban rehabilitation is restoring a building to good condition, operation, or capacity (Zuckerman, 1991). In summary, urban renewal (used interchangeably with urban regeneration throughout this paper), aims at improving the physical, social-economic and ecological aspects of urban areas through various actions including redevelopment, rehabilitation, and heritage preservation
The Links between Urban Renewal and Sustainability The term 'sustainable development'dates back to the 1970s,but it was not until the 1990s that it was used in the context of urban renewal policy(Bromley,Tallon, Thomas,2005).Sustainable development is a complex concept (Weingaertner Barber,2010)made even more so by the fact that there is no commonly agreed definition of sustainability.There is a growing body of research that attempts to conceptualize urban renewal sustainability in different contexts.Lorr (2012) reviewed three of the most common theoretical approaches to sustainability:the inter-generational and intra-generational equity and justice perspective,the comprehensive environmental,economical,equitable change perspective,and the free-market greening perspective.These approaches were applied in the context of North American cities and provided a working definition of urban sustainability,in which studies on multiple scales were emphasized.In the UK context,sustainability has been conceptualized by a case-based study of the Eastside regeneration of Birmingham,based on three pillars of sustainability and a weak-strong sustainability continuum (Lombardi,Porter,Barber,Rogers, 2011). No matter what conceptualization of sustainability is applied,the consensus appears to be that sustainable development has three pillars:social,economic, and environmental.This has therefore become the popular approach to achieving a more sustainable society in most contexts,and urban renewal is closely linked to it.Urban renewal aims at solving a series of urban problems,including urban function deterioration,social exclusion in urban areas,and environmental pollution.It is regarded as a sound approach to promoting land values,and improving environmental quality (Adams Hastings,2001);to rectifying the urban decay problem and meeting various socioeconomic objectives(Lee Chan, 2008a);and to enhancing existing social networks,improving inclusion of vulnerable groups,and changing adverse impacts on the living environment (Chan Yung,2004).Specifically,urban renewal projects facilitate good-quality housing and reduce health risks to the community (Krieger Higgins,2002); promote the repair of dilapidated buildings(Ho,Yau,Poon,Liusman,2012); and improve the effective use of the building stock and land resources in the city (Ho et al.,2012).In these respects,urban renewal can significantly contribute to sustainable urban development if it follows a sustainable path.However,most urban renewal policies have tended to focus on economic regeneration rather than on environmental or social regeneration(Couch Dennemann,2000).For
The Links between Urban Renewal and Sustainability The term ‘sustainable development’ dates back to the 1970s, but it was not until the 1990s that it was used in the context of urban renewal policy (Bromley, Tallon, & Thomas, 2005). Sustainable development is a complex concept (Weingaertner & Barber, 2010) made even more so by the fact that there is no commonly agreed definition of sustainability. There is a growing body of research that attempts to conceptualize urban renewal sustainability in different contexts. Lorr (2012) reviewed three of the most common theoretical approaches to sustainability: the inter-generational and intra-generational equity and justice perspective, the comprehensive environmental, economical, equitable change perspective, and the free-market greening perspective. These approaches were applied in the context of North American cities and provided a working definition of urban sustainability, in which studies on multiple scales were emphasized. In the UK context, sustainability has been conceptualized by a case-based study of the Eastside regeneration of Birmingham, based on three pillars of sustainability and a weak-strong sustainability continuum (Lombardi, Porter, Barber, & Rogers, 2011). No matter what conceptualization of sustainability is applied, the consensus appears to be that sustainable development has three pillars: social, economic, and environmental. This has therefore become the popular approach to achieving a more sustainable society in most contexts, and urban renewal is closely linked to it. Urban renewal aims at solving a series of urban problems, including urban function deterioration, social exclusion in urban areas, and environmental pollution. It is regarded as a sound approach to promoting land values, and improving environmental quality (Adams & Hastings, 2001); to rectifying the urban decay problem and meeting various socioeconomic objectives (Lee & Chan, 2008a); and to enhancing existing social networks, improving inclusion of vulnerable groups, and changing adverse impacts on the living environment (Chan & Yung, 2004). Specifically, urban renewal projects facilitate good-quality housing and reduce health risks to the community (Krieger & Higgins, 2002); promote the repair of dilapidated buildings (Ho, Yau, Poon, & Liusman, 2012); and improve the effective use of the building stock and land resources in the city (Ho et al., 2012). In these respects, urban renewal can significantly contribute to sustainable urban development if it follows a sustainable path. However, most urban renewal policies have tended to focus on economic regeneration rather than on environmental or social regeneration (Couch & Dennemann, 2000). For
example,an examination of one military site redevelopment in Jordan indicated that although the development had been promoted by a political commitment to sustainable urban renewal,it was more profit-driven rather than driven by the need to solve environmental and community concerns in the redevelopment process.Thus,although the relationship between sustainability and urban renewal is complex,it does provide a direction for a sustainable urban future. 3.METHODOLOGY Paper Retrieval Urban renewal,urban regeneration,urban redevelopment,and urban rehabilitation share similar meanings,but are used in different countries or regions.Therefore,the key words used in the literature search were urban renewal,urban regeneration,urban redevelopment,urban rehabilitation, sustainable development and sustainability.The search rule used was ("urban renewal"OR "urban regeneration"OR "urban redevelopment"OR "urban rehabilitation")AND ("sustainable development"OR "sustainability"),which was put in the searching criterion Topic in the SCl database.The procedure for retrieving papers was as follows: 1.Topics were scanned with the search rule mentioned above in the SCl database with a time span of 1990/01/01 to 2012/1231 and the language of English.With this rule,118 papers (including articles,proceedings papers,editorials,and reviews)were retrieved. 2.Papers in conference proceedings and editorials were rejected,leaving 115 articles. 3.The abstract of each paper was read to exclude irrelevant ones.Finally,81 papers were selected for the literature review. An Overview of Selected Papers A brief analysis was made of the 81 selected papers.Figure 1 shows that the number of relevant papers published between 1990 and 2012 increased substantially,indicating an increasing research interest in sustainability and urban renewal.Table 1 shows the distribution of the 81 papers in the different journals
example, an examination of one military site redevelopment in Jordan indicated that although the development had been promoted by a political commitment to sustainable urban renewal, it was more profit-driven rather than driven by the need to solve environmental and community concerns in the redevelopment process. Thus, although the relationship between sustainability and urban renewal is complex, it does provide a direction for a sustainable urban future. 3. METHODOLOGY Paper Retrieval Urban renewal, urban regeneration, urban redevelopment, and urban rehabilitation share similar meanings, but are used in different countries or regions. Therefore, the key words used in the literature search were urban renewal, urban regeneration, urban redevelopment, urban rehabilitation, sustainable development and sustainability. The search rule used was (“urban renewal” OR “urban regeneration” OR “urban redevelopment” OR “urban rehabilitation”) AND (“sustainable development” OR “sustainability”), which was put in the searching criterion Topic in the SCI database. The procedure for retrieving papers was as follows: 1. Topics were scanned with the search rule mentioned above in the SCI database with a time span of 1990/01/01 to 2012/12/31 and the language of English. With this rule, 118 papers (including articles, proceedings papers, editorials, and reviews) were retrieved. 2. Papers in conference proceedings and editorials were rejected, leaving 115 articles. 3. The abstract of each paper was read to exclude irrelevant ones. Finally, 81 papers were selected for the literature review. An Overview of Selected Papers A brief analysis was made of the 81 selected papers. Figure 1 shows that the number of relevant papers published between 1990 and 2012 increased substantially, indicating an increasing research interest in sustainability and urban renewal. Table 1 shows the distribution of the 81 papers in the different journals
18 1542 6 2 0 ■■ ■■ 199319961999200020022003200420052006200720082009201020112012 Year Figure 1 Number of relevant papers published yearly in the selected journals Table 1 Overview of selected papers and the journals JOURNAL TITLE NUMBER OF SELECTED PAPERS Proceedings of The Institution of Civil 14 Engineers Engineering Sustainability Urban Studies 10 Proceedings of The Institution of Civil ? Engineers Municipal Engineer Cities ? European Planning Studies ? Environmental Planning A 3 Habitat International 3 Open House International 3 Sustainable Development 3 International Journal of Urban and Regional 3 Research Social Indicators Research 2 Amfiteatru Economic 2 Area 1 Building Research and Information 1 Business Strategy and The Environment 1 Community Development Journal 1 Energy Policy 2 Environment and Planning B Planning 1
Figure 1 Number of relevant papers published yearly in the selected journals Table 1 Overview of selected papers and the journals JOURNAL TITLE NUMBER OF SELECTED PAPERS Proceedings of The Institution of Civil Engineers Engineering Sustainability 14 Urban Studies 10 Proceedings of The Institution of Civil Engineers Municipal Engineer 4 Cities 4 European Planning Studies 4 Environmental Planning A 3 Habitat International 3 Open House International 3 Sustainable Development 3 International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 2 Social Indicators Research 2 Amfiteatru Economic 1 Area 1 Building Research and Information 1 Business Strategy and The Environment 1 Community Development Journal 1 Energy Policy 1 Environment and Planning B Planning 1
Design Environment and Planning D Society Space 1 Environment and Urbanization 1 Geographical Review 1 Global Environmental Change Human and 1 Policy Dimensions International Journal of Strategic Property 1 Management International Journal of Sustainable 1 Development and World Ecology Journal of Asian Architecture and Building 1 Engineering Journal of Environmental Management 1 Journal of Environmental Planning and 1 Management Journal of Mountain Science 1 Landscape and Urban Planning 1 Journal of Urban Planning and 2 Development ASCE Management Decision 1 Nature Culture 1 Policy Studies 1 Progress in Planning 1 Public Money Management 1 Science in China Series E Technological 1 Sciences Technological and Economic Development of Economy Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale 1 Geografie Urban Geography 1 Zeitschrift Der Deutschen Gesellschaft Fur 1 Geowissenschaften Total 81 4.REVIEW OF STUDIES ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN RENEWAL "Considering the city a spatial-constructional and social system,we may outline
Design Environment and Planning D Society Space 1 Environment and Urbanization 1 Geographical Review 1 Global Environmental Change Human and Policy Dimensions 1 International Journal of Strategic Property Management 1 International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 1 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering 1 Journal of Environmental Management 1 Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 1 Journal of Mountain Science 1 Landscape and Urban Planning 1 Journal of Urban Planning and Development ASCE 1 Management Decision 1 Nature Culture 1 Policy Studies 1 Progress in Planning 1 Public Money Management 1 Science in China Series E Technological Sciences 1 Technological and Economic Development of Economy 1 Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie 1 Urban Geography 1 Zeitschrift Der Deutschen Gesellschaft Fur Geowissenschaften 1 Total 81 4. REVIEW OF STUDIES ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN RENEWAL “Considering the city a spatial-constructional and social system, we may outline
two large sub-systems:town planning and social sub-system.While the town-planning sub-system includes all material elements of a city,including environmental factors that form the territorial structure,the social sub-system consists of the number of inhabitants as beneficiaries of the whole system." (Ristea et al 2010,P103).The above statement shows that in order to achieve sustainable urban renewal in a city,addressing the two systems properly is the only approach.Studies relating to sustainable urban renewal cover a broad range of topics,many of which overlap and thus cannot be easily classified into a certain field.To gain a better understanding of the research area and to identify possible gaps in the knowledge base,this paper discusses the findings of recent studies based on the following structure:1)planning sub-system in sustainable urban renewal;2)stakeholders and their engagement;and 3)evaluating sustainable urban renewal.The first part involves material elements in the town planning sub-system.Figure 2 shows the planning subsystem in urban renewal. This subsystem involves various material elements including land,housing, infrastructure,heritage,and transportation.Urban design serves to address these complex issues for sustainable urban renewal.The second part discusses social sub-system in urban renewal.Figure 3 shows the various stakeholders involved, and how they contribute to the operation mechanism in urban renewal.The final part reviews the evaluation of urban renewal in terms of the two sub-systems. Land 个 Housing Urban Infrastructure Design Heritage Figure 2 Planning sub-system in urban renewal
two large sub-systems: town planning and social sub-system. While the town-planning sub-system includes all material elements of a city, including environmental factors that form the territorial structure, the social sub-system consists of the number of inhabitants as beneficiaries of the whole system.” (Ristea et al 2010, P103). The above statement shows that in order to achieve sustainable urban renewal in a city, addressing the two systems properly is the only approach. Studies relating to sustainable urban renewal cover a broad range of topics, many of which overlap and thus cannot be easily classified into a certain field. To gain a better understanding of the research area and to identify possible gaps in the knowledge base, this paper discusses the findings of recent studies based on the following structure: 1) planning sub-system in sustainable urban renewal; 2) stakeholders and their engagement; and 3) evaluating sustainable urban renewal. The first part involves material elements in the town planning sub-system. Figure 2 shows the planning subsystem in urban renewal. This subsystem involves various material elements including land, housing, infrastructure, heritage, and transportation. Urban design serves to address these complex issues for sustainable urban renewal. The second part discusses social sub-system in urban renewal. Figure 3 shows the various stakeholders involved, and how they contribute to the operation mechanism in urban renewal. The final part reviews the evaluation of urban renewal in terms of the two sub-systems. Figure 2 Planning sub-system in urban renewal Housing Heritage Infrastructure Land Urban Design
Governance Structure 个 Local,State and National Governments Stakeholder Involvement Private Sectors Adjacent Public (Developers, Investors) Fabric and End Users Function Figure 3 Social sub-system in urban renewal Planning Sub-system in Sustainable Urban Renewal Land Sustainable land use is an important component of sustainable urban renewal because land redevelopment is a form of resource re-use and adaptive re-use is now considered a sound strategy in architectural conservation and urban regeneration(Mahtab-uz-Zaman,2011).Urban refurbishment-led regeneration is regarded to be a cheaper,faster,less disruptive option compared with demolition and redevelopment (Turcu,2012)and it has the potential to meet the demand for land resources.Of the papers reviewed,the need for urban rehabilitation and adaptive re-use is explored by using a number of cases from developing countries (Steinberg,1996).Mahtab-uz-Zaman (2011)studied the adaptation of a residential building of Dhaka in order to understand the local adaptive re-use process,and from a holistic perspective,Power(2008)discussed social,economic and environmental benefits of refurbishment compared with demolition in the UK.Apart from the issue of adaptive re-use,Abu-Dayyeh (2006)finds that processes of land succession can contribute to the creation of opportunities for development and redevelopment by freeing a sizeable percentage of available land
Figure 3 Social sub-system in urban renewal Planning Sub-system in Sustainable Urban Renewal Land Sustainable land use is an important component of sustainable urban renewal because land redevelopment is a form of resource re-use and adaptive re-use is now considered a sound strategy in architectural conservation and urban regeneration (Mahtab-uz-Zaman, 2011). Urban refurbishment-led regeneration is regarded to be a cheaper, faster, less disruptive option compared with demolition and redevelopment (Turcu, 2012) and it has the potential to meet the demand for land resources. Of the papers reviewed, the need for urban rehabilitation and adaptive re-use is explored by using a number of cases from developing countries (Steinberg, 1996). Mahtab-uz-Zaman (2011) studied the adaptation of a residential building of Dhaka in order to understand the local adaptive re-use process, and from a holistic perspective, Power (2008) discussed social, economic and environmental benefits of refurbishment compared with demolition in the UK. Apart from the issue of adaptive re-use, Abu-Dayyeh (2006) finds that processes of land succession can contribute to the creation of opportunities for development and redevelopment by freeing a sizeable percentage of available land. Local, State and National Governments Private Sectors (Developers, Investors) Adjacent Public Governance Structure Fabric and Function End Users Stakeholder Involvement
Housing Housing policy and practice can have both a positive and negative effect on the sustainable development of urban areas(Winston,2010).On one hand,housing is the home of residents and plays a crucial role in their quality of life and sense of well-being.On the other hand,various aspects of housing can have a significant negative impact on the environment and the eco-system (Winston, 2010).Although housing and regeneration have been relatively neglected topics, Garner (1996)discussed the role of housing and social housing in improving a city's competitiveness as well as the revitalization and reintegration of areas of economic and social exclusion in urban renewal,while Winston(2010)outlined the key characteristics of sustainable housing in terms of location,construction and design,use,and regeneration. Infrastructure Infrastructure is another necessary planning consideration for urban renewal. Provision of social infrastructure is assessed using a futures analysis in Lancaster. Equitable access for residents is necessary for delivering social benefits through provision of social infrastructure in urban regeneration areas(Brown Barber, 2012).Mell (2009)addressed the planning of green infrastructure to promote human integration,ecological sustainability and economic regeneration in the UK. Green hubs were discussed,showing their potential to enhance community sustainability,cohesion and engagement in the UK context (Burrage,2011). Commercial facilities were studied in Romania based on territorial disparities by using the "point method",which quantifies the equipment levels reached and makes space comparisons available (Ristea,loan-Franc,Stegaroiu,&Croitoru, 2010). Culture and Heritage Culture is one part of urban design considerations.Degen and Garcia (2012) explored the changing relationships between urban regeneration,the use of culture and modes of governance in the 'Barcelona model',which is a prominent cultural regeneration example,and concluded that culture has the potential to improve social cohesion and market the city's brand.Tweed and Sutherland (2007)outlined the broad contribution cultural heritage can make to sustainable urban regeneration and highlighted a survey that was conducted to assess people's perceptions of cultural heritage in urban regeneration.They suggested that planners should promote the importance of a better understanding of how
Housing Housing policy and practice can have both a positive and negative effect on the sustainable development of urban areas (Winston, 2010). On one hand, housing is the home of residents and plays a crucial role in their quality of life and sense of well-being. On the other hand, various aspects of housing can have a significant negative impact on the environment and the eco-system (Winston, 2010). Although housing and regeneration have been relatively neglected topics, Garner (1996) discussed the role of housing and social housing in improving a city's competitiveness as well as the revitalization and reintegration of areas of economic and social exclusion in urban renewal, while Winston (2010) outlined the key characteristics of sustainable housing in terms of location, construction and design, use, and regeneration. Infrastructure Infrastructure is another necessary planning consideration for urban renewal. Provision of social infrastructure is assessed using a futures analysis in Lancaster. Equitable access for residents is necessary for delivering social benefits through provision of social infrastructure in urban regeneration areas (Brown & Barber, 2012). Mell (2009) addressed the planning of green infrastructure to promote human integration, ecological sustainability and economic regeneration in the UK. Green hubs were discussed, showing their potential to enhance community sustainability, cohesion and engagement in the UK context (Burrage, 2011). Commercial facilities were studied in Romania based on territorial disparities by using the “point method”, which quantifies the equipment levels reached and makes space comparisons available (Ristea, Ioan-Franc, Stegaroiu, & Croitoru, 2010). Culture and Heritage Culture is one part of urban design considerations. Degen and Garcia (2012) explored the changing relationships between urban regeneration, the use of culture and modes of governance in the ‘Barcelona model’, which is a prominent cultural regeneration example, and concluded that culture has the potential to improve social cohesion and market the city’s brand. Tweed and Sutherland (2007) outlined the broad contribution cultural heritage can make to sustainable urban regeneration and highlighted a survey that was conducted to assess people’s perceptions of cultural heritage in urban regeneration. They suggested that planners should promote the importance of a better understanding of how
people interact with the urban environment and its heritage. Urban Design Urban renewal involves changes in the physical and functional aspects of cities as a response to urban design;it is a process of making decisions about the location and physical fabric of investment in the built environment and the adaption of these decisions to functional and aesthetic ends(Couch,1990).Urban design is a broad idea that addresses issues in planning sub-system for sustainable urban renewal.A series of studies focused on these issues for sustainable urban renewal in Hong Kong and identified critical factors for enhancing social, economic and environmental sustainability (Lee and Chan,2008b;Chan and Lee, 2008a;Chan and Lee,2008b). Stakeholders and Community Involvement Stakeholders The various stakeholders in urban renewal projects include local,state,and national officials in both environmental and economic development departments, as well as those in the private sector,both institutional and individual,who seek to place capital,reduce risks,gain profits and enhance their reputation;in view of the possible impact on their health and quality of life,the public living in close proximity to urban renewal projects should also be included.The urban renewal policy,process and project implementation are greatly influenced by the relationship between these different stakeholders,the characteristics of different partnership modes,as well as the power,mechanism,and operation of different agents.Different stakeholders guide sustainability in different situations.Under some circumstances planners take a lead,while under others it may be the developers.It's important to remember that stakeholders do not have equal rights and powers in the renewal process. Government plays the most important role in the governance structure of urban renewal,which directly influences the planning strategies involved.When studying sustainable urban renewal,some scholars pay attention to the governance structure.In the UK for example,the transition of the governance structure from a traditional hierarchical government to new forms of governance in was discussed and the Thames Gateway regeneration project was examined in terms of its institutional context and the relationship between traditional and new forms of planning.The analysis suggested that traditional forms of planning
people interact with the urban environment and its heritage. Urban Design Urban renewal involves changes in the physical and functional aspects of cities as a response to urban design; it is a process of making decisions about the location and physical fabric of investment in the built environment and the adaption of these decisions to functional and aesthetic ends (Couch, 1990). Urban design is a broad idea that addresses issues in planning sub-system for sustainable urban renewal. A series of studies focused on these issues for sustainable urban renewal in Hong Kong and identified critical factors for enhancing social, economic and environmental sustainability (Lee and Chan, 2008b; Chan and Lee, 2008a; Chan and Lee, 2008b). Stakeholders and Community Involvement Stakeholders The various stakeholders in urban renewal projects include local, state, and national officials in both environmental and economic development departments, as well as those in the private sector, both institutional and individual, who seek to place capital, reduce risks, gain profits and enhance their reputation; in view of the possible impact on their health and quality of life, the public living in close proximity to urban renewal projects should also be included. The urban renewal policy, process and project implementation are greatly influenced by the relationship between these different stakeholders, the characteristics of different partnership modes, as well as the power, mechanism, and operation of different agents. Different stakeholders guide sustainability in different situations. Under some circumstances planners take a lead, while under others it may be the developers. It's important to remember that stakeholders do not have equal rights and powers in the renewal process. Government plays the most important role in the governance structure of urban renewal, which directly influences the planning strategies involved. When studying sustainable urban renewal, some scholars pay attention to the governance structure. In the UK for example, the transition of the governance structure from a traditional hierarchical government to new forms of governance in was discussed and the Thames Gateway regeneration project was examined in terms of its institutional context and the relationship between traditional and new forms of planning. The analysis suggested that traditional forms of planning
