1559T_ch15_276-29011/03/0520:24Pa9e276 EQA 15 Benzene and Aromaticity:Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution ered in the early sections of thi chapter.The electroni e of benzene.which gives this compound counter a new or reactions of a simple alkene(or diene or triene)compare with this?"See if the differe nces in be vior of enzene and al oube in of the entire topic senzene and concerning them. Oth ds of aromatic compounds exist besides simple benzene derivatives.Two commo ypes will b compounds.will be presented. Outline of the Chapter 15-1 Nomenclature A few new twists 15-2,15-3 Structure of Benzene:A First Look at Aromaticity What makes it special. 15-4 Spectral Properties 15-5 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 156. 15-8,15-9,15-10 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution 15-11.15-12 1513lcro e em 276
15 Benzene and Aromaticity: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution The most obvious feature of benzene is its superficial similarity to a molecule containing ordinary double bonds. Benzene and its derivatives are special, however, as a result of the new concept of aromatic stabilization covered in the early sections of this chapter. The electronic structure of benzene, which gives this compound unusual stability relative to that of an ordinary triene, profoundly affects benzene’s chemistry. Each time you encounter a new property or chemical reaction of a benzene derivative, ask yourself, “How would the properties or reactions of a simple alkene (or diene or triene) compare with this?” See if the differences in behavior of benzene and alkenes make sense to you on thermodynamic grounds. After you’ve done that, you will be in a better position to learn the material in this and the next chapter more thoroughly, with a more balanced overview of the entire topic. Benzene and its derivatives make up one of the most important classes of organic compounds (after carbonyl compounds and alcohols). There is, accordingly, a lot of relatively significant material presented in these chapters concerning them. Other kinds of aromatic compounds exist besides simple benzene derivatives. Two common types will be covered in this chapter: polycyclic fused benzenoid hydrocarbons and other cyclic conjugated polyenes with either more or less than six carbons in the ring. In Chapter 25, a third common class, heterocyclic aromatic compounds, will be presented. Outline of the Chapter 15-1 Nomenclature A few new twists. 15-2, 15-3 Structure of Benzene: A First Look at Aromaticity What makes it special. 15-4 Spectral Properties 15-5 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 15-6, 15-7 Other Cyclic Polyenes: Hückel’s Rule Getting to the heart of the matter: Whence aromaticity? 15-8, 15-9, 15-10 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution 15-11, 15-12, 15-13 Friedel-Crafts Reaction The basic “core” reactions in benzene chemistry. 276 1559T_ch15_276-290 11/03/05 20:24 Page 276
15597.ch15276-29011/02/0520:24Page277 EQA Keys o the Chapter·277 Keys to the Chapter ing system for benzenes coexists with an assortment of names that have been in for over a century and show no signs of goingay anyone likes it or no terms e namine)an styrene (o ethenylbenzene)ar always be.the ones peo however.to use numbering instead of ortho/meta/para for a benzene with two substituents.)Finally.when num bering around the benzene ring,be careful where you start:If you use one of the special names for a mono sult in numbers)For xample this compound is.4-dibromotoluene(1-dibromotoluene would be nonsense though 1.2-dibromo-4-methylbenzene is the correct IUPAC name). CHs B Br 15-2and15-3. Aromaticity as a special property of molecules like benzene is covered in these sections.Structural,thermo dynamic.and ele consid ctedly enhanced ther seletocrwitha complctly filld st of srongy stabilized bonding moec (3)i1 15-4.Spectral Properties opy or ber pounds NMR is most useful.followed by IR and Uv spectroscopy.A special fearure in the infrared spectrum ben the NMR spectrum.Ultraviolet spectrose opy can be suggestive but not definitive regarding the presence of a e of the b ing w her:。:e12hg5C0w0F one or more bor 15-5.Polycyclic atic Hydrocarb on clic Pe unbroken circle of p orbitals
Keys to the Chapter 15-1. Nomenclature The systematic (IUPAC) naming system for benzenes coexists with an assortment of names that have been in common use for over a century and show no signs of going away. So, whether anyone likes it or not, terms like aniline (for benzenamine) and styrene (for ethenylbenzene) are, and will probably always be, the ones people use, both in speaking as well as writing about these compounds. In addition to these common names for simple substituted benzenes, a special system exists exclusively for benzenes with exactly two substituents on the benzene ring: the “ortho/meta/para” system. Note, carefully, that this method is never to be used for benzenes with more than two ring substituents: For those, a name with proper numbering is required. (It is okay, however, to use numbering instead of ortho/meta/para for a benzene with two substituents.) Finally, when numbering around the benzene ring, be careful where you start: If you use one of the special names for a monosubstituted benzene as your parent name (e.g., phenol, aniline, benzaldehyde, toluene), C1 is always the carbon containing the substituent implied by the parent (even if starting somewhere else would result in smaller numbers). For example, this compound is 3,4-dibromotoluene (1,2-dibromotoluene would be nonsense, although 1,2-dibromo-4-methylbenzene is the correct IUPAC name). 15-2 and 15-3. Structure of Benzene: A First Look at Aromaticity; Molecular Orbitals Aromaticity as a special property of molecules like benzene is covered in these sections. Structural, thermodynamic, and electronic considerations are presented and serve as an introduction to the more general discussion that is presented in Section 15-6. For now, note simply that the aromaticity of benzene is reflected in (1) its symmetrical structure (as a resonance hybrid), (2) its unexpectedly enhanced thermodynamic stability, and (3) its unusual electronic structure with a completely filled set of strongly stabilized bonding molecular orbitals. 15-4. Spectral Properties The spectroscopy of benzene is a logical consequence of its structural and electronic properties. Special features in the spectra make the identification of benzenes relatively easy. As has been the case with other compounds, NMR is most useful, followed by IR and UV spectroscopy. A special feature in the infrared spectrum of a benzene derivative is the COH out-of-plane bending vibration pattern, which provides information concerning the arrangement of substituents around the ring. This information is not always as easily derived from the NMR spectrum. Ultraviolet spectroscopy can be suggestive but not definitive regarding the presence of a benzene derivative. If the presence of the benzene ring is already known from, e.g., NMR, the UV spectrum can be useful in deciding whether it is conjugated with one or more bond-containing groups. 15-5. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons The fusion of benzene rings leads to a large class of polycyclic hydrocarbons, beginning with naphthalene as the simplest (and only bicyclic) example. 15-6 and 15-7. Other Cyclic Polyenes: Hückel’s Rule Really very simple. For a molecule to be aromatic, it must have (4n 2) electrons contained in a complete, unbroken circle of p orbitals. CH3 Br Br 1 2 3 4 Keys to the Chapter • 277 1559T_ch15_276-290 11/03/05 20:24 Page 277
1559T_ch15_276-29011/03/0520:24Page278 ⊕ EQA 278 Chapter 15 BENZENE AND AROMATICTY:ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION 15-8,15-9,and15-10. 。A Nitra ion of Be zene These setions introdc the main type of chemis diplayed by beeneing.The keysto this material are n You are giv M a ger eral me is repeated later in specific form f or eacn type o tics of this react ion.Pay close attention to Figure 15-20.Exercise 15-21.and the atain ec 8.Alt you un h asier to mrophiles than are ordinary alkenes and therefore only strong electrophiles.sometimes generated in stran later on in synthesis prol 15-11,15-12,and 15-13.Friedel-Crafts Reaction Beca -c rbon bond formation is such an important part of organic synthesis,the attachment of car ferred method for attachment of a carbon nit to a benzeneing Solutions to Problems 33.(a)3-Chlorobenzenecarboxylic acid,m-chlorobenzoic acid (b)1-Methoxy-4-nitrobenzene,p-nitroanisole (c)2-Hydroxybenzenecarbaldehyde.o-hydroxybenzaldehyde (d)3-Aminobenzenecarboxylic acid,m-aminobenzoic acid (e)4-Ethyl-2-methylbenzenanime.4-ethyl-2-methylaniline (f)1-Bromo-2.4-dimethylbenzene (g)4-Bromo-3.5-dimethoxybenzenol,4-bromo-3.5-dimethoxyphenol (h)2-Phenylethanol (i)-Ethanoylphenanthrene.3-acetylphenanthrene 34.(a)1.2.4.5-Tetramethylbenzene (b)4-Hexyl-1.3-benzenediol (c)2-Methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)benzenol H 5 (a) Name is acceptable.(IUPAC:2-chlorobenzenecarbaldehyde) OH b Name is numbered incorrectly:call it 1.3.5-benzenetriol
15-8, 15-9, and 15-10. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Halogenation, Nitration, and Sulfonation of Benzene These sections introduce the main type of chemistry displayed by benzene rings. The keys to this material are in Section 15-8. You are given a general mechanism (which is repeated later in specific form for each type of reaction that is presented). More important for understanding the concepts, you are given information concerning the energetics of this reaction. Pay close attention to Figure 15-20, Exercise 15-21, and the data in Section 15-8. After you understand this basic material, you will find the specific reactions a little easier to learn. Remember that benzene is stabilized by its special aromatic form of resonance. It is less reactive toward electrophiles than are ordinary alkenes; and therefore only strong electrophiles, sometimes generated in strange ways, will attack the electrons in benzene rings. These electrophiles, and the ways they are generated, have to be memorized so that you can use these reactions later on in synthesis problems. 15-11, 15-12, and 15-13. Friedel-Crafts Reaction Because carbon–carbon bond formation is such an important part of organic synthesis, the attachment of carbon electrophiles to benzene rings is of special significance among the reactions in this chapter. Ordinary carbocations and carbocationlike species are the simplest types of carbon electrophiles, but their use in FriedelCrafts alkylation has limitations. Rearrangements of the carbon electrophile often occur, and it is hard to prevent multiple alkylation from happening to a single benzene ring. Friedel-Crafts alkanoylation (acylation), via the acylium ion [ROC GPhSO mn ROCqO GS], is not subject to these drawbacks and, whenever possible, is the preferred method for attachment of a carbon unit to a benzene ring. Solutions to Problems 33. (a) 3-Chlorobenzenecarboxylic acid, m-chlorobenzoic acid (b) 1-Methoxy-4-nitrobenzene, p-nitroanisole (c) 2-Hydroxybenzenecarbaldehyde, o-hydroxybenzaldehyde (d) 3-Aminobenzenecarboxylic acid, m-aminobenzoic acid (e) 4-Ethyl-2-methylbenzenanime, 4-ethyl-2-methylaniline (f) 1-Bromo-2,4-dimethylbenzene (g) 4-Bromo-3,5-dimethoxybenzenol, 4-bromo-3,5-dimethoxyphenol (h) 2-Phenylethanol (i) 3-Ethanoylphenanthrene, 3-acetylphenanthrene 34. (a) 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene (b) 4-Hexyl-1,3-benzenediol (c) 2-Methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)benzenol 35. (a) Name is acceptable. (IUPAC: 2-chlorobenzenecarbaldehyde) (b) Name is numbered incorrectly; call it 1,3,5-benzenetriol. HO OH OH C O H Cl 278 • Chapter 15 BENZENE AND AROMATICITY: ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION 1559T_ch15_276-290 11/03/05 20:24 Page 278
1559r.ah15276-29011/02/0520:24Page279 Solutions to Problems CH, call t COOH d Name is acceptable.(IUPAC:3-(1-methylethyl)-benzenecarboxylic acid CH(CH) NH. Wrong numbers:3.4-dibromoaniline or 3.4-dibromobenzenamine. -(4-methoxnitophenyDethanone oacetophenone or 36 ene would be higher in energy by about 30 kcal mol-,so H would be-819 kcal mol- 7 7.40 nd 8 are deshielde they are closer to the other benzene ring in around the whole molecule(1).therin current of their own benzene ring ()and the ring curent of the adjacent benzene ring (iii): es co od The hydrogens at carbons 2,3,6,and 7 are too far away to feel a significant amount of the ring current of the other benzene ring
(c) Name is incorrect. Never mix o, m, p with numbers; call it 1,2-dimethyl-4-nitrobenzene. (d) Name is acceptable. (IUPAC: 3-(1-methylethyl)-benzenecarboxylic acid) (e) Wrong numbers; 3,4-dibromoaniline or 3,4-dibromobenzenamine. (f) Use only numbers: 4-methoxy-3-nitroacetophenone or 1-(4-methoxy-3-nitrophenyl)ethanone. 36. Benzene would be higher in energy by about 30 kcal mol1 , so Hcomb would be 819 kcal mol1 . 37. The hydrogens at carbons 1, 4, 5, and 8 are deshielded because they are closer to the other benzene ring in the molecule. They feel the deshielding effects of -electron ring currents three ways: the ring current around the whole molecule (i), the ring current of their own benzene ring (ii), and the ring current of the adjacent benzene ring (iii): The hydrogens at carbons 2, 3, 6, and 7 are too far away to feel a significant amount of the ring current of the other benzene ring. H H (i) (ii) (iii) H H8 H1 H5 H4 H 7.77 7.40 NO2 CH3O CCH3 O NH2 Br Br CH(CH3)2 COOH NO2 CH3 CH3 Solutions to Problems • 279 1559T_ch15_276-290 11/03/05 20:24 Page 279
1559T_ch15_276-29011/03/0520:24Pa9e280 EQA 280.Chapter 15 BENZENE AND AROMATICITY:ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION bond releases.The data indicate that this is approximately the case. 39.Rule:Aromaticity requires [a](4n+)electrons contained in [b]a complete.unbroken circle of p orbitals ene is inta e evant sub 40.) mobenzenes.The answer is clear: The IR(single band at 745 cm)agrees with the conclusion. (h e der re)C OCHs symmetry to it.The answer(use trial and error)is
38. Yes. Cyclooctatetraene is described as lacking any special stabilization such as aromaticity. As a result, hydrogenation of its four double bonds should give off four times the energy that hydrogenating one double bond releases. The data indicate that this is approximately the case. 39. Rule: Aromaticity requires [a] (4n 2) electrons contained in [b] a complete, unbroken circle of p orbitals. (a) No. 3 electrons. (b) Yes. Benzene is intact; extra double bond is an irrelevant substituent, not being part of the circle. (c) No. The saturated carbon is sp3 , breaking the circle of p orbitals; without a circle of p orbitals, the number of electrons is irrelevant. (d) Yes. 10 electrons; the sp3 carbon here is bridging and does not interrupt the p orbital circle. (e) No. 12 electrons; wrong number. (f) No. 9 bonds 18 electrons, which would be fine, except that the 2 charge adds 2 more for a total of 20 electrons; wrong number. (g) No. Saturated ring fusion carbons interrupt circle. 40. (a) UV spectrum supports the presence of benzene ring. 13C NMR: three peaks, so the molecule must have symmetry. 1 H NMR: two sets of signals in equal intensity. Look at the three possible dibromobenzenes. The answer is clear: The IR (single band at 745 cm1 ) agrees with the conclusion. (b) 1 H NMR: four benzene H’s (one quite different from the other three), CH3OO ( 3.7). IR: meta disubstituted benzene. The answer is (c) 1 H NMR: two benzene H’s, three CH3’s (two equivalent; note just two methyl carbons in 13C NMR). Also, there are just four benzene carbons in 13C spectrum, so the molecule has some symmetry to it. The answer (use trial and error) is Br CH3 CH3 CH3 Br OCH3 Br Br 13C: 2 kinds of carbons 1 H: All equivalent 4 kinds of carbons 3 kinds of hydrogens p Br Br m Br o Br Ortho isomer is the answer. 3 kinds of carbons 2 kinds of hydrogens 280 • Chapter 15 BENZENE AND AROMATICITY: ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION 1559T_ch15_276-290 11/03/05 20:24 Page 280
1559r.ch15276-29011/02/0520:24Page281 EQA Solutions to Problems281 41.The left-h characte give the resonance-stabilized carbocation CH(a system that will be discussed at length in stabilized cation HC=CCH2". five.and the ortho four. b c58 CH,CHO 10 ring+2CHO 10ig+2CH,0 5 ring +1CHao 5ring+1CH.O ad "as to CH:O 10 ring +2 CHO 10ring+2CH:o 6ring +1CHO a 5 ring 1 CH,O 5 ring +I CHO 6ring+1CHO +心
41. The left-hand spectrum corresponds to the benzene derivative. Its general appearance, a strong molecular ion and few peaks of lower mass, reflects a compound that does not undergo ready fragmentation, a characteristic of aromatic compounds. The only significant fragmentation is loss of a single hydrogen atom to give the resonance-stabilized carbocation (a system that will be discussed at length in Chapter 22). In contrast, the mass spectrum at the right shows extensive fragmentation, as one frequently sees with alkynes (Section 13-3). Note, for example, the strong peak at m/z 39 for the resonancestabilized cation HCqCCH2 . 42. (a) Yes it is. Compare the answer to Problem 40 (a) and you’ll see that each disubstitution pattern gives a unique number of 13C peaks for the ring carbons. Adding the peak for the two equivalent methoxy carbons in each molecule, we expect the para isomer to have three 13C peaks, the meta five, and the ortho four. (b) The ten possible isomers and the number of 13C peaks (ring carbons methoxy carbons, which are no longer necessarily equivalent) for each are given below. 43. H H H H H One is at 136.9; the other is at 186.6 178.1 52.2 H H 5 ring 1 CH3O 5 ring 1 CH3O 6 ring 1 CH3O CH3O CH3O OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 10 ring 2 CH3O OCH3 CH3O OCH3 CH3O OCH3 CH3O 10 ring 2 CH3O 6 ring 1 CH3O OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 10 ring 2 CH3O 10 ring 2 CH3O 5 ring 1 CH3O 5 ring 1 CH3O OCH3 CH3O CH2 Solutions to Problems • 281 1559T_ch15_276-290 11/03/05 20:24 Page 281
1559T_ch15_276-29011/03/0520:24Pa9e282 EQA 282.Chapter 15 BENZENE AND AROMATICITY:ELECTROPHILC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION Assign the signals at.6 ppm more precisely by looking at the resonance form 5-0-d tually (Compare Exercise 15-22) C(CHa):Friedel-Crafts alkylation involving H (Carctu (CH,CCH-C-ACt (CHC二GH-CH,Aa,4n
Assign the signals at 136.9 and 186.6 ppm more precisely by looking at the resonance forms: In the resonance forms, positive charges are located at only three of the carbons: They should be the most deshielded. That explains the 178.1 chemical shift of the “bottom” carbon. The 186.6 signal must therefore correspond to the positively charged “end” carbons of the delocalized cation: 44. (a) (b) initially; eventually (Compare Exercise 15-22) (c), (e) (d) (f) (g) (h) CH3 C O CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 (CH3)2C CH(CH3)2 (CH3)2CH CH3 CH3 C (CH3)2CH CH3 CH3 C H H (CH3)2C CH CH3 CH3 AlCl4 CH3 shift Careful! (CH3)3CCH CH2 Cl AlCl3 H H shift NO2 C(CH3)3 Friedel-Crafts alkylation involving (CH3)3C cation T T T T T T Cl T 186.6 So this is 136.9 H H H H H H 282 • Chapter 15 BENZENE AND AROMATICITY: ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION 1559T_ch15_276-290 11/03/05 20:24 Page 282
1559r.ah15276-29011/02/0520:24Page283 EQA Soutions to Problems283 45.ac-一一 C(CH) (CH)C (f)is shown in the answer to Problem 44. .The problem is twofold:What should we make CD from,and how should we do it?The chapter does .A plausible electrophile to consider is the SO,H group by -D. That reaction in Section -1 was -replace Hby D?The chemistry in Section 15-10 tells us that Dcan attack a benzene ring as an electrophile.Therefore.we can assume that it can attack benzene itself: --” ution is to tre 47.Identify a likely elctrophilic atom and follow a reasonable mechanistic pattem : 0o: o+*一 You need to make leaving group +H0 CI H2O then reacts with excess CISO,H to make H2SO and HCI Note:This is just one of several possible parallel mechanisms
45. (c) (f) is shown in the answer to Problem 44. 46. The problem is twofold: What should we make C6D6 from, and how should we do it? The chapter does not give us any practical way to construct benzene rings from nonbenzenoid starting materials, but it does present methods to replace groups on benzene rings—electrophilic aromatic substitution. We consider what we want to accomplish: the attachment of deuterium, D, to every carbon. A plausible electrophile to consider is the deuterium ion, D. In Section 15-10, we see that hydrogen ions, H, are sufficiently electrophilic to attack benzene rings (in that case, benzenesulfonic acid, leading to replacement of the OSO3H group by OH). We could therefore expect that D would behave similarly, attacking benzenesulfonic acid and replacing the OSO3H group by OD. Indeed, it does, but is that really the best way to solve our problem? That reaction in Section 15-10 was presented to show how to get rid of the OSO3H group. But do we need that group in the first place for what we’re trying to accomplish here—replace H by D? The chemistry in Section 15-10 tells us that D can attack a benzene ring as an electrophile. Therefore, we can assume that it can attack benzene itself: Run in the forward direction, we’ve replaced an H with a D! But the reaction is an equilibrium: We need to drive it from left to right. The solution is to treat benzene with a large excess of an acidic solution containing D instead of H, dilute D2SO4 in D2O, for example. The reaction goes to equilibrium, replacing most of the benzene COH bonds with COD bonds, according to the equation above. We repeat the process several times, each time treating the partially deuterated benzene with fresh D2SO4 in D2O, until the amount of residual H in the benzene has been reduced to an acceptably low level (typically well below 1%). 47. Identify a likely electrophilic atom and follow a reasonable mechanistic pattern. H2O then reacts with excess ClSO3H to make H2SO4 and HCl. Note: This is just one of several possible parallel mechanisms. H2O S O O Cl O S S Cl O H O OH Cl HO O H HO You need to make an OH into a leaving group. O S O Cl O OH2 S O Cl D D H D H OH H (CH3)3C (CH3)3C OH2 (CH3)3C H2O C(CH3)3 (CH3)3C H H Solutions to Problems • 283 1559T_ch15_276-290 11/03/05 20:24 Page 283
1559T_ch15_276-29011/03/0520:24Pa9e284 EQA 284.Chapter 15 BENZENE AND AROMATICITY:ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION 48.Consider a mechanism similar to Friedel-Crafts alkylation.Twice a-s-:Ac-d--c 6C-m ◇o-c℃ 49.(a)Think mechanistically.Then see if what you come up with matches the data. CH-CIO -O 门益门
48. Consider a mechanism similar to Friedel-Crafts alkylation. Twice. 49. (a) Think mechanistically. Then see if what you come up with matches the data. (b) H2, Pd-C, CH3CH2OH O OH NaBH4, CH3CH2OH Conc. H2SO4, 100°C C9H8O O H O C9H9ClO AlCl3 Cl O O AlCl3; think Friedel-Crafts akanoylation S S H AlCl4 S Cl AlCl3 H AlCl4 ClS ClS AlCl3 Cl S Cl AlCl 3 Cl S Cl AlCl3 284 • Chapter 15 BENZENE AND AROMATICITY: ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION 1559T_ch15_276-290 11/03/05 20:24 Page 284
15597.ch15276-29011/7/0523:21Page295 EQA Solutions to Problems85 CH+E CH一C-E+Hr Reaction coordinate OH 51.(a)C&HsCHCHs (b)C.HsCH-CH:OH ketone.If you got one but not the other,try now to give a second answer before peeking at the solutions below ⊕ HO H a CH,CH,CHCHOH了CH.CH HO H MgBr Mg.(CH,CH)O ()C.AC. CH.CH CH. CH-CH a CH.CH
50. The reaction of methylbenzene should proceed with a lower energy of activation than that of benzene (Ea methylbenzene Ea benzene), and the intermediate cation should be more stable. OH A 51. (a) C6H5CHCH3 (b) C6H5CH2CH2OH 52. More than one approach can be used for both (a) and (b): one based on Friedel-Crafts alkanoylation (acylation), which uses an alkanoyl chloride, and another using Grignard addition to an aldehyde or a ketone. If you got one but not the other, try now to give a second answer before peeking at the solutions below. (a) (b) 1. CH3CH2CCl, AlCl3 2. H, H2O 1. CH3MgI, (CH3CH2)2O 2. H, H2O Br2, FeBr3 O Mg, (CH3CH2)2O O 1. CH3CH2CCH3 2. H, H2O O CH2CH3 C CH2CH3 C HO CH3 CH2CH3 C HO CH3 Br MgBr 1. CH3(CH2)5CCl, AlCl3 2. H, H2O NaBH4, CH3CH2OH Br2, FeBr3 C O (CH2)5CH3 (CH2)5CH3 C HO H Mg, (CH3CH2)2O Br MgBr O 1. CH3(CH2)5CH 2. H, H2O O (CH2)5CH3 C HO H Solutions to Problems • 285 1559T_ch15_276-290 11/7/05 23:21 Page 285