How to Write a Term Paper or Thesis Michael A. Covington Artificial Intelligence Center Athens, Georgia 3069 The University of Geor http://www.ai.uga.edu/mc Revised June 3. 2005 Abstract This is a basic style guide for writing scientific papers under my ction It was written for internal use Center. However, other science departments may find it helpful. You are encouraged to share it with colleagues 1 What is a term paper or thesis? In the middle ages. in order to be admitted to a trade guild. a craftsman had to demonstrate his ability by producing a piece of work, called his mas- terpiece, for examination by the officers of the guild. He was then granted the title of master of his trade When universities were founded, they immediately emulated this practice and began to grant the degrees of Master and Doctor to people who had proved their ability to do scholarly work. a thesis or dissertation today serves the same purpose as a medieval crafts- man's masterpiece. It is proof of ability to do a certain kind of work. Specif- To get a doctor's degree, you must become familiar with current sci- entific knowledge of your subject, add to this knowledge by making an original discovery, and then report the results in a dissertation
How to Write a Term Paper or Thesis Michael A. Covington Artificial Intelligence Center The University of Georgia Athens, Georgia 30602 http://www.ai.uga.edu/mc Revised June 3, 2005 Abstract This is a basic style guide for writing scientific papers under my direction. It was written for internal use in the Artificial Intelligence Center. However, other science departments may find it helpful. You are encouraged to share it with colleagues. 1 What is a term paper or thesis? In the Middle Ages, in order to be admitted to a trade guild, a craftsman had to demonstrate his ability by producing a piece of work, called his masterpiece, for examination by the officers of the guild. He was then granted the title of Master of his trade. When universities were founded, they immediately emulated this practice and began to grant the degrees of Master and Doctor to people who had proved their ability to do scholarly work. A thesis or dissertation today serves the same purpose as a medieval craftsman’s masterpiece. It is proof of ability to do a certain kind of work. Specifically: • To get a doctor’s degree, you must become familiar with current scientific knowledge of your subject, add to this knowledge by making an original discovery, and then report the results in a dissertation. 1
To get a masters degree, it is sufficient to make a new synthesis or pplication of knowledge already available, and report the results in a thesis To pass certain courses, you must write a term paper, which demon- strates that you can connect information and report it in your own words. It is not necessary to make a new discovery or a new synthesis To get a degree from an English-speaking university, you must prove that you can write scholarly papers, in English, that reflect state-of-the-art knowledge of your subject 2 How is a term paper or thesis judged? Presentation is more important than most students realize. Even the most brilliant piece of scientific work is useless if the resulting report is unclear or needlessly hard to read or leaves vital questions unanswered I grade term papers on how well they do the following four things Define a clear topic and stick to it throughout the paper, addressing a consistently defined audience Use the best available sources of information and acknowledge them appropriately Display careful organization and clear wordin Follow scholarly standards for format, grammar, spelling, and other mechanical matters If the paper reports original research or technical work, a large part of the grade is based on the quality of the work itself, but presentation still counts, if you cant present your work well, you might as well not have done it 3 Receiving and acknowledging help Getting help from the right sources is a useful skill. Real scientists do it all the time
• To get a master’s degree, it is sufficient to make a new synthesis or application of knowledge already available, and report the results in a thesis. • To pass certain courses, you must write a term paper, which demonstrates that you can connect information and report it in your own words. It is not necessary to make a new discovery or a new synthesis. To get a degree from an English-speaking university, you must prove that you can write scholarly papers, in English, that reflect state-of-the-art knowledge of your subject. 2 How is a term paper or thesis judged? Presentation is more important than most students realize. Even the most brilliant piece of scientific work is useless if the resulting report is unclear or needlessly hard to read or leaves vital questions unanswered. I grade term papers on how well they do the following four things: • Define a clear topic and stick to it throughout the paper, addressing a consistently defined audience. • Use the best available sources of information and acknowledge them appropriately. • Display careful organization and clear wording. • Follow scholarly standards for format, grammar, spelling, and other mechanical matters. If the paper reports original research or technical work, a large part of the grade is based on the quality of the work itself, but presentation still counts; if you can’t present your work well, you might as well not have done it. 3 Receiving and acknowledging help Getting help from the right sources is a useful skill. Real scientists do it all the time. 2
When writing a term paper or thesis, you are permitted to receive any amount of help from anyone, as long as you acknowledge the help so that your instructors can distinguish your work from the work of others You can acknowledge help in an "Acknowledgments "section at the begin ning of the paper, or in a footnote attached to the first sentence Be sure to acknowledge grants if you are supported by research grant funds this is usually done by a sentence such as, " This work was supported by National Science Foundation Grant ZZZ-99-99999. Michael A. Covington Principal Inve estigato is not necessary to acknowledge scholarships or fellowships 4 Planning a term paper or thesis Before you start writing in fact before you get very far gathering infor- mation- you must decide two things What your paper is about(the topic) For whom it is written(the audience) Normally, the audience of a scholarly paper consists of people familiar with the general area but not with the specific topic. For instance, if you are writing about implementation of a numerical equation solver in Prolog, you can assume a passing acquaintance with numerical methods and with Prolog To a considerable extent, the choice of audience is up to you. But once you have made it. stick with it -unless there is a good reason to do otherwise write all parts of your paper for the same audience If you have a hard time visualizing the audience, try writing a paper you would have understood if someone had given it to you a month before you started researching the topic. The topic of a paper is often expressed in the first sentence. To quote from some classic UGa ACMC research reports "This paper presents a formalism and an n -time parsing algo- rithm for unification-based dependency grammars"(M. Coving on,01-0022)
When writing a term paper or thesis, you are permitted to receive any amount of help from anyone, as long as you acknowledge the help so that your instructors can distinguish your work from the work of others. You can acknowledge help in an “Acknowledgments” section at the beginning of the paper, or in a footnote attached to the first sentence. Be sure to acknowledge grants if you are supported by research grant funds; this is usually done by a sentence such as, “This work was supported by National Science Foundation Grant ZZZ-99-99999, Michael A. Covington, Principal Investigator.” It is not necessary to acknowledge scholarships or fellowships. 4 Planning a term paper or thesis Before you start writing — in fact before you get very far gathering information — you must decide two things: • What your paper is about (the topic); • For whom it is written (the audience). Normally, the audience of a scholarly paper consists of people familiar with the general area but not with the specific topic. For instance, if you are writing about implementation of a numerical equation solver in Prolog, you can assume a passing acquaintance with numerical methods and with Prolog. To a considerable extent, the choice of audience is up to you. But once you have made it, stick with it — unless there is a good reason to do otherwise, write all parts of your paper for the same audience. If you have a hard time visualizing the audience, try writing a paper that you would have understood if someone had given it to you a month ago, before you started researching the topic. The topic of a paper is often expressed in the first sentence. To quote from some classic UGa ACMC research reports: “This paper presents a formalism and an n 2 -time parsing algorithm for unification-based dependency grammars” (M. Covington, 01-0022). 3
"Our tests show that the current CyBERPLUs is not an ap- propriate machine on which to implement Prolog or similar logic programming languages"(R. E. Stearns and M. Covington, 01 0019) leave the reader wondering where you are heading with an ide m e The reflects a general principle: get to the point early. State your con at the beginning, and then state the reasoning that leads up to th ever Outline the whole paper before you write it. If you find this difficult, make an unordered list or collection of ideas you want to include, and then sort The first paragraph of a paper is the hardest to write, and it's a good idea to try writing it - or at least sketching it -long before you write the rest of the paper. Often, once you compose the first paragraph, the whole paper will fall into place. You do not need a long introductory section. Many term papers wander around for a few pages before they reach the main point. Don't do this If you have an introduction(necessary in a long paper), it should be an overview of the paper itself, not a disquisition on other "background"topics nor a record of everything you looked at while starting to research the topic You do not need a"conclusions"section at the end unless the paper either (1)reports an experiment or survey, or(2) is rather long(thesis-length or more). When you come to the end of your argument, stop, ending, if possible, on a general point 5 How to write clearly Most people can write very clearly if they know what they are trying to say. If your paper is well planned, it should not be difficult to write When writing the first draft, do not worry about spelling, punctuation,or precise wording. Just get everything down on paper. Then go back and improve the organization and wording. Finally, once all the information in place and clearly presented, check spelling, punctuation, and grammar Write as simply as possible. Your subject matter is complicated enough on its own merits: your task is to make it clear, not obscure. Use short words
“Our tests show that the current CYBERPLUS is not an appropriate machine on which to implement Prolog or similar logic programming languages” (R. E. Stearns and M. Covington, 01- 0019). The reflects a general principle: get to the point early. State your conclusions at the beginning, and then state the reasoning that leads up to them. Never leave the reader wondering where you are heading with an idea. Outline the whole paper before you write it. If you find this difficult, make an unordered list or collection of ideas you want to include, and then sort it. The first paragraph of a paper is the hardest to write, and it’s a good idea to try writing it — or at least sketching it — long before you write the rest of the paper. Often, once you compose the first paragraph, the whole paper will fall into place. You do not need a long introductory section. Many term papers wander around for a few pages before they reach the main point. Don’t do this. If you have an introduction (necessary in a long paper), it should be an overview of the paper itself, not a disquisition on other “background” topics, nor a record of everything you looked at while starting to research the topic. You do not need a “conclusions” section at the end unless the paper either (1) reports an experiment or survey, or (2) is rather long (thesis-length or more). When you come to the end of your argument, stop, ending, if possible, on a general point. 5 How to write clearly Most people can write very clearly if they know what they are trying to say. If your paper is well planned, it should not be difficult to write. When writing the first draft, do not worry about spelling, punctuation, or precise wording. Just get everything down on paper. Then go back and improve the organization and wording. Finally, once all the information is in place and clearly presented, check spelling, punctuation, and grammar. Write as simply as possible. Your subject matter is complicated enough on its own merits; your task is to make it clear, not obscure. Use short words. 4
When you are explaining anything, ask yourself what the reader wants to know, and make the answers to those questions prominent(Imagine a FAQ file about your subject; what would be in it? Dont simply write down ll the information you want to present in an arbitrary order (or even in a well-organized order that doesn't put the emphasis on the reader's needs) You can improve your explanations by getting other people to read your paper and insisting that they tell you whenever they find it obscure. Make sure all of the steps in your logic are clearly presented and that you create a clear image in the reader's mind Formal notations(formulas, program listings, etc. do not speak for them- selves. They must be accompanied by plain-English explanations of how the formula or program contributes to your point At the same time, don't try to translate Prolog or algebra into English When you need listings or formulas, use them Divide the paper into sections with section titles. Tell the reader how you are organizing your work: This section will review previous results.. There are three important results from earlier work. First.. Second.. Third Say I"if you mean"I. That is, do not call yourself" the present author or use other awkward phrases. On the other hand, do not write about your personal experiences when you are supposed to be writing about your subject. Experiments are usually described by saying what was done, not who did it because it doesn t matter who did Notice the large number of one- and two-syllable words in this guide; emulate Do not imitate most of the scientific papers you read: they are not particularly well-written 6 How to find sources A crucial property of scholarly writing is that scholars trace each idea to its source. If you are writing about Weizenbaum's ELIZA program, you must use the actual report that Weizenbaum published. You are welcome to use later, secondhand accounts of it in addition to the original, but not in place of Many bibliographical aids are available on line and in the Science Library
When you are explaining anything, ask yourself what the reader wants to know, and make the answers to those questions prominent. (Imagine a FAQ file about your subject; what would be in it?) Don’t simply write down all the information you want to present in an arbitrary order (or even in a well-organized order that doesn’t put the emphasis on the reader’s needs). You can improve your explanations by getting other people to read your paper and insisting that they tell you whenever they find it obscure. Make sure all of the steps in your logic are clearly presented and that you create a clear image in the reader’s mind. Formal notations (formulas, program listings, etc.) do not speak for themselves. They must be accompanied by plain-English explanations of how the formula or program contributes to your point. At the same time, don’t try to translate Prolog or algebra into English. When you need listings or formulas, use them. Divide the paper into sections with section titles. Tell the reader how you are organizing your work: “This section will review previous results. . . There are three important results from earlier work. . . First. . . Second. . . Third. . . ” Say “I” if you mean “I.” That is, do not call yourself “the present author” or use other awkward phrases. On the other hand, do not write about your personal experiences when you are supposed to be writing about your subject. Experiments are usually described by saying what was done, not who did it, because it doesn’t matter who did it. Notice the large number of one- and two-syllable words in this guide; emulate it. Do not imitate most of the scientific papers you read; they are not particularly well-written. 6 How to find sources A crucial property of scholarly writing is that scholars trace each idea to its source. If you are writing about Weizenbaum’s ELIZA program, you must use the actual report that Weizenbaum published. You are welcome to use later, secondhand accounts of it in addition to the original, but not in place of it. Many bibliographical aids are available on line and in the Science Library. 5
In Al, however, your main problem is likely information, not too few. How do you find the information you need without wading through fifteen popular articles and web pages that all say the same thing? The key is to distinguish between 1. Books and articles that report original research(e. g, articles in Artifi cial Intelligence and Journal of the ACM), along with articles of this type published by researchers on their web pages; 2. Books and articles that survey research from a scholarly point of view (e. g, articles in AI Magazine and Scientific American ); 3. Popular accounts designed for audiences other than working researchers (e. g, articles in PC World, Popular Science, and hobbyist web pages) As far as possible, use(1)and(2); that is, use researchers'own accounts of their work. a type(3)source is acceptable if it is actually the only place an important piece of information is available 7 How to cite sources Your paper will consist of: · The text, with references such as“( Chomsky1957:192)” marking the informatic A reference list or bibliography at the end In the sciences, we normally do not use footnotes for citations. Nor do we Ise Latin abbreviations such as ibid. or op. cit Cite sources by author, date, and, where applicable, page number. Give the page number if you are quoting exact words or referring to a specific page leave it out Put the date and page number in parentheses. The authors name or may not be in parentheses depending on whether it forms part of sentence. Examples 6
In AI, however, your main problem is likely to be too many sources of information, not too few. How do you find the information you need without wading through fifteen popular articles and web pages that all say the same thing? The key is to distinguish between: 1. Books and articles that report original research (e.g., articles in Artifi- cial Intelligence and Journal of the ACM ), along with articles of this type published by researchers on their web pages; 2. Books and articles that survey research from a scholarly point of view (e.g., articles in AI Magazine and Scientific American); 3. Popular accounts designed for audiences other than working researchers (e.g., articles in PC World, Popular Science, and hobbyist web pages). As far as possible, use (1) and (2); that is, use researchers’ own accounts of their work. A type (3) source is acceptable if it is actually the only place an important piece of information is available. 7 How to cite sources Your paper will consist of: • The text, with references such as “(Chomsky 1957:192)” marking the information you have obtained from others; • A reference list or bibliography at the end. In the sciences, we normally do not use footnotes for citations. Nor do we use Latin abbreviations such as ibid. or op. cit.. Cite sources by author, date, and, where applicable, page number. Give the page number if you are quoting exact words or referring to a specific page; otherwise leave it out. Put the date and page number in parentheses. The author’s name may or may not be in parentheses depending on whether it forms part of the sentence. Examples: 6
Chomsky(1957: 23) showed that natural language cannot be gen erated by a finite-state Markov process "Natural language cannot be generated by a finite-state Markov Markov processes are not powerful enough to generate natural language(Chomsky 1957: 23) Some scientists prefer to cite sources by number(1,[2, etc. ) rather than by name and date. I dont like this because it makes it hard to recognize authors. Chomsky is Chomsky wherever you meet him; if he is 24] in one paper and [35 in the next, you may never be aware of his identity The reference list at the end of your paper tells what the names and dates refer to. It lists only the sources that are actually cited in the tert; it is NOT a list of everything you looked at while preparing the paper Here are guidelines for the content of reference lists Everything has an author, date published, and information about where to find it. Even the most unusual sources can be cited if you keep this in mind Authors'names are given as in the original source but with the last first Titles of books(in English) are capitalized like sentences Titles of series and of journals(in English)have every important word capitalized. An"important word"is one that can be spoken with full stress In German, all nouns are capitalized. In most other languages, titles are capitalized like sentences Always give complete numbers(e.g, 401-420, not 401-20) 8 What to cite Cite all ideas or facts that can be obtained from only one source, or that reflect the opinion of one person, whether or not you are quoting the author's exact words. If you quote exact words, use quotation marl
Chomsky (1957:23) showed that natural language cannot be generated by a finite-state Markov process. “Natural language cannot be generated by a finite-state Markov process” (Chomsky 1957:23). Markov processes are not powerful enough to generate natural language (Chomsky 1957:23). Some scientists prefer to cite sources by number ([1], [2], etc.) rather than by name and date. I don’t like this because it makes it hard to recognize authors. Chomsky is Chomsky wherever you meet him; if he is [24] in one paper and [35] in the next, you may never be aware of his identity. The reference list at the end of your paper tells what the names and dates refer to. It lists only the sources that are actually cited in the text; it is NOT a list of everything you looked at while preparing the paper. Here are guidelines for the content of reference lists: • Everything has an author, date published, and information about where to find it. Even the most unusual sources can be cited if you keep this in mind. • Authors’ names are given as in the original source, but with the last name first. • Titles of books (in English) are capitalized like sentences. • Titles of series and of journals (in English) have every important word capitalized. An “important word” is one that can be spoken with full stress. • In German, all nouns are capitalized. In most other languages, titles are capitalized like sentences. • Always give complete numbers (e.g., 401–420, not 401–20). 8 What to cite Cite all ideas or facts that can be obtained from only one source, or that reflect the opinion of one person, whether or not you are quoting the author’s exact words. If you quote exact words, use quotation marks. 7
Do not cite every article that you lo t while preparing your paper Cite only those that actually provided essential information Do not give citations for "common knowledge"(information that can be obtained from multiple sources that do not cite each other) 9 Examples of citations The citation format used here is known as Cambridge, Chicago, or Harvard style and is quite similar to APA (American Psychological Association) style In general, entries contain the same information as in APA style, but Authors'first names are given in full, not reduced to initials unless the author gave only the initials in the first place. (Why throw away information that might be useful?) There is no period after the parenthesized date. Some other details of punctuation are slightly different Names of states are given in full(Massachusetts, New Jersey) or as traditional abbreviations(Mass, N.J. rather than ZIP code abbrevi- ations(MA, N) Book: Chomsky, Noam(1957)Syntactic structures. The Hague: Mouton Book with 2 authors Aho, Alfred V, and Ullman, Jeffrey D(1972) The theory of parsing, translation, and compiling. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall Book with 3 or more author Partee, Barbara H. ter Meulen, Alice; and Wall, Robert E(1990 Mathematical methods in linguistics. Dordrecht: Kluwer Book in a series Blaser, A(1988) Natural language at the computer. Lecture notes computer science, 320. Berlin: Springer
Do not cite every article that you looked at while preparing your paper. Cite only those that actually provided essential information. Do not give citations for “common knowledge” (information that can be obtained from multiple sources that do not cite each other). 9 Examples of citations The citation format used here is known as Cambridge, Chicago, or Harvard style and is quite similar to APA (American Psychological Association) style. In general, entries contain the same information as in APA style, but: • Authors’ first names are given in full, not reduced to initials unless the author gave only the initials in the first place. (Why throw away information that might be useful?) • There is no period after the parenthesized date. • Some other details of punctuation are slightly different. • Names of states are given in full (Massachusetts, New Jersey) or as traditional abbreviations (Mass., N.J.) rather than ZIP code abbreviations (MA, NJ ). Book: Chomsky, Noam (1957) Syntactic structures. The Hague: Mouton. Book with 2 authors: Aho, Alfred V., and Ullman, Jeffrey D. (1972) The theory of parsing, translation, and compiling. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Book with 3 or more authors: Partee, Barbara H.; ter Meulen, Alice; and Wall, Robert E. (1990) Mathematical methods in linguistics. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Book in a series: Blaser, A. (1988) Natural language at the computer. Lecture notes in computer science, 320. Berlin: Springer. 8
Article in a journal Rapaport, William J(1986) Philosophy of artificial intelligence eaching Philosophy 9.2: 103-120 Here9.2: 103-120means"Volume 9, issue 2, pages 103 to 120. If the page numbering does not start afresh in each issue, do not give the issue numl Note that you must list all the pages the article occupies, not just the pages you cited article in a book Rapaport, William J.(2008) Philosophy of artificial intelligence. In John Doe and William F Nusquam, eds, Studies in the philosophy of artificial intelligence, pp. 103-122. Dordrecht: Reidel Article in proceedings of a well-known conference: Doe, John P(1988)Prolog optimization systems. Proceedings, AAAI-88.128145 If the conference is not well-known, handle the proceedings volume like a book of articles, identifying its editors and publisher Unpublished paper Doe, John P.(1964)Giant computers of the future. Department of Computer Science, University of Tasmania Paper retrieved from a web site(and not otherwise published): Doe, John P(2008) Giant computers of the present http://www.utan.edu.au/cs/doe/giant.pdf eference is to also give the date on which the item was retrieved Reprinted article: Doe, John P. (1987) Prolog optimizers. Reprinted in L. C. Moe, ed Prolog optimization, pp. 101-105. New York: Columbia University You can get more information about Chicago/Cambridge/ Harvard scientific citation format from the Chicago Manual of Style, available in most libraries Do not expect different style guides to agree 100%; you can get away with following any of them as long as you are consistent
Article in a journal: Rapaport, William J. (1986) Philosophy of artificial intelligence. Teaching Philosophy 9.2:103–120. Here “9.2:103–120” means “Volume 9, issue 2, pages 103 to 120.” If the page numbering does not start afresh in each issue, do not give the issue number. Note that you must list all the pages the article occupies, not just the pages you cited. Article in a book: Rapaport, William J. (2008) Philosophy of artificial intelligence. In John Doe and William F. Nusquam, eds., Studies in the philosophy of artificial intelligence, pp. 103–122. Dordrecht: Reidel. Article in proceedings of a well-known conference: Doe, John P. (1988) Prolog optimization systems. Proceedings, AAAI-88, 128–145. If the conference is not well-known, handle the proceedings volume like a book of articles, identifying its editors and publisher. Unpublished paper: Doe, John P. (1964) Giant computers of the future. Department of Computer Science, University of Tasmania. Paper retrieved from a web site (and not otherwise published): Doe, John P. (2008) Giant computers of the present. http://www.utan.edu.au/cs/doe/giant.pdf. APA’s preference is to also give the date on which the item was retrieved. Reprinted article: Doe, John P. (1987) Prolog optimizers. Reprinted in L. C. Moe, ed., Prolog optimization, pp. 101–105. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. You can get more information about Chicago/Cambridge/Harvard scientific citation format from the Chicago Manual of Style, available in most libraries. Do not expect different style guides to agree 100%; you can get away with following any of them as long as you are consistent. 9
10 How to type a reference list in LATEX LATEX expects you to be citing references by bracketed numbers. Here's an example of how to trick it into printing a reference list without them. The key idea is to give zero width for the identifier(that's the meaning of 0] in the argument list) put the author's name in place of the identifier; it is simply the first thing in each entry. \begintthebibliographyHty \raggedright \item COvington, Michael A](1994) \emphiNatural language processing for Prolog programmers. H Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall \item [Weizenbaum, Joseph] (1976) \emphiComputer power and human reason. H San Francisco: F \endfthebibliography 11“ Cited by” references Sometimes you will be unable to obtain an important source, but another source will tell you what is in it. In that case you must cite it secondhand You can identify it as "cited by " when you cite it People started telling their innermost secrets to the computer Weizenbaum 1964, cited by Doe 1988) In this case Weizenbaum 1964 is not in your reference list Or you can put it in your reference list and identify the secondhand citation there Weizenbaum, Joseph(1964)An experience with ELIZA. Cited by Doe 10
10 How to type a reference list in LATEX LATEX expects you to be citing references by bracketed numbers. Here’s an example of how to trick it into printing a reference list without them. The key idea is to give zero width for the identifier (that’s the meaning of {} in the argument list) put the author’s name in place of the identifier; it is simply the first thing in each entry. \begin{thebibliography}{} \raggedright \item[Covington, Michael A.] (1994) \emph{Natural language processing for Prolog programmers.} Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. \item[Weizenbaum, Joseph] (1976) \emph{Computer power and human reason.} San Francisco: Freeman. \end{thebibliography} 11 “Cited by” references Sometimes you will be unable to obtain an important source, but another source will tell you what is in it. In that case you must cite it secondhand. You can identify it as “cited by” when you cite it: People started telling their innermost secrets to the computer (Weizenbaum 1964, cited by Doe 1988). In this case Weizenbaum 1964 is not in your reference list. Or you can put it in your reference list and identify the secondhand citation there: Weizenbaum, Joseph (1964) An experience with ELIZA. Cited by Doe (1988). 10
