TheMcGraw-HillCompaniesChapter 7MicrobialNutritionFoundationsinEcology,andGrowthMicrobiologyEIGHTHEDITTIOKathleenParkTalaroBarryChessCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Chapter 7 Microbial Nutrition, Ecology, and Growth Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
MicrobialNutritionNutrition - process by which chemical substances(nutrients) are acquired from the environment andused in cellular activitiesEssential nutrients - must be provided to anorganismTwo categories of essential nutrients:- Macronutrients - required in large quantities; playprincipal roles in cell structure and metabolism.Proteins, carbohydrates- Micronutrients ortrace elements-required in smallamounts: involved in enzyme function and maintenanceofproteinstructure.Manganese,zinc,nickel2
2 Microbial Nutrition Nutrition – process by which chemical substances (nutrients) are acquired from the environment and used in cellular activities Essential nutrients – must be provided to an organism Two categories of essential nutrients: – Macronutrients – required in large quantities; play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism • Proteins, carbohydrates – Micronutrients or trace elements – required in small amounts; involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure • Manganese, zinc, nickel
CopyrightTheMcGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.Permission requiredforreproductionordisplaySunlightsuppliesthebasicsourceofenergyonearthformostorganisms.Photosynthesizers can use itdirectlytoproduceorganicnutrientsthatfeedotherorganisms.NonphotosyntheticorganismsextracttheenergyfromchemicalreactionstopowercellprocessesDCouresyGases: the atmosphere is a reservoirfor nitrogen,oxygen,and carbondioxideessentialto living processes..CK32050310403030020290CO2102800Nutrients270Plar-10litte260-20250-30240Soil-40Soil communityAquaticmicrobesmicrobes230OrgOKathyParkTalaroNutrients are constantly being fomedComplex communitiesofmicrobesexist in nearlyevery placeon earth.The temperature ofbydecompositionandsynthesisandMicrobesresiding inthese communitiesmustassociatephysicallyandhabitatsvariestoareleased into the environment.Manysharethehabitat, often establishingbiofilmsandotherinterrelationships.significantextentinorganicnutrientsoriginatefromamongallplaces56891011121314non-livingenvironmentssuchasthepHO1onearth,andmicrobesair,water,andbedrockexistatmostpointsalongthiswideBasictemperature scale.[H)][OH]AcidicNeutral(alkaline)AcidBaseThe acid or base content (pH) can show extreme variationsfromhabitattohabitat.MicrobesarethemostadaptableorganismswithregardtopH
Copyright © The McGraw -Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sunlight supplies the basic source of energy on earth for most organisms. Photosynthesizers can use it directly to produce organic nutrients that feed other organisms. Non photosynthetic organisms extract the energy from chemical reactions to power cell processes. © Courtesy: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory © Kathy Park Talaro Gases: the atmosphere is a reservoir for nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide essential to living processes. Plant litter Soil microbes Nutrients Nutrients are constantly being formed by decomposition and synthesis and released into the environment. Many inorganic nutrients originate from non-living environments such as the air, water, and bedrock. CO2 The acid or base content (pH) can show extreme variations from habitat to habitat. Microbes are the most adaptable organisms with regard to pH. Acid Base Complex communities of microbes exist in nearly every place on earth. Microbes residing in these communities must associate physically and share the habitat, often establishing biofilmsand other inter relationships. The temperature of habitats varies to a significant extent among all places on earth, and microbes exist at most points along this wide temperature scale. Acidic Neutral Basic (alkaline) pH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Soil community Aquatic microbes Organic compounds [OH– [H ] + ] °C K 320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40
Nutrients. Organic nutrients - contain carbon andhydrogen atoms and are usually the products ofliving things- Methane (CH4), carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, andnucleic acidsInorganic nutrients - atom or molecule thatcontains a combination of atoms other thancarbon and hydrogen- Metals and their salts (magnesium sulfate, ferricnitrate, sodium phosphate), gases (oxygen, carbondioxide)and water4
4 Nutrients • Organic nutrients – contain carbon and hydrogen atoms and are usually the products of living things – Methane (CH4 ), carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids • Inorganic nutrients – atom or molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen – Metals and their salts (magnesium sulfate, ferric nitrate, sodium phosphate), gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide) and water
ChemicalAnalysis of Cell Contents70% waterProteins96% of cell is composed of 6 elements:- Carbon- Hydrogen- Oxygen-Phosphorous- Sulfur- Nitrogen5
5 Chemical Analysis of Cell Contents • 70% water • Proteins • 96% of cell is composed of 6 elements: – Carbon – Hydrogen – Oxygen – Phosphorous – Sulfur – Nitrogen
Essential Biological NutrientsCopyright@The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc. Permission required forreproduction or display.TABLETASSourcesand Biological Functions of Essential ElementsandNutrientsElement/Nutrient FormsSources/ReservolrsFound in Natureof CompoundsSignificance to CellsCarbonCO, (carbon diaxide)gasAir(0.036%)COis produced byrespirationund used in photosymthesis; COJinSedlimentsCof(carbonate)found inceltwallsandsicletons:oegamicconpounds arcesentialOrganiccompoundsLising thingstothe'structureand function ofFall organisnmanidviroxes,NigasAir(79%)NitrogenNitrogen gas is avuilable only to certain microbes thutXif into othcrNO, (nitrate)Soil and waterinorganicnitrogescompoondsnitrates.nitrites,andammonisumNO2 (nitrate)Soil and watertheprimurysources ofaitrogenforalgae,pluntsand themajorityNH, (ammonium)Soiland waterof hacteriacatimals and protozonrequire organic nitrogen;allOrganicnitrogenOnganisamsorganismvuse NH,sosynthesize amino acidsandouclcicacidc(proteins, nucleic acids)OgmsAir(co-.amujkrOxygenOsygen gas is aecessary for the metabolism of autricts by ucrobesOxidesprodictofOxygen a signi canteement in organiccompoonds andHOphotosythesisinerganiccompoumdsfseewalr,sulfates.phiosphaies,nitratscarbon dioxide).Waters.HydrogenH,gasWater isthe most abunidant compoundin cells and asolventforHOswamph,mctaboliccatians,H,H,S,undCH,gaiesareproducedadusedH,S (hydrogen sulide)wolcanoes,byhacteriaandarchieaHionsarethebuuis fortrandersofventsCH,(methane)cellularenergyand helpmaintainthepliofcelsOrganic compoundsOrganismsPhosphorusRocks,MineralPhoiphate,akeyconponeetofDNAand RNA.is critical tothePO}" (phosphate)peneticmakeupofcellsand viruses,alofound inATPand NADdepositswhore it takes paurt in mumerous mctabolic reactions its presence inphwpholipids pmovides atabality to cell meimhranessSulfurMineral deposits,ElmsutrdizdyacasanyouPO(sulfate)wokanit sedimentssulfurisfoud in vitaminBI:sulthydrytgroups arepartofcurtainSH (sulhydryt)amino acids,where they form dinul de bonds that shape andstathiltnt protcins.k*PotasshumMinenal deposits.Plays a role in protein synthesis and memhrune transportoceatswaterNatSodiumSime as potasinmMajox puirticipontin memheane octions;maintains osmotic pressurcin.cellsCaCalclumOceanic sediments,Acmpunentpoozoshli(CaOsthiliecllwallrockscand mineralhaddsneststancetobiucteriul endksporesMg"MagnesiumGeologic sodimcots,Acetralalominthechlonophyllmolecule:quiredforfumctioftocksmcinbrunes.nbosones,andsomecnrymesCrChlorideOean water,Mayfunctioemembreanport:ouiredbyobligatehalophilesaltlikesto regulate oumoticpnesureZnptZincRockx minerahAn enrymecofacturregulates eukanyotic geneticsFelIronRocko,mineralsEocntiutelement forthesructureofreapiraoryprotein(cytochromes)6Micronutrients.copper,cobalt,nickel.RoquiredintiyamountstosvcascofacoinspecislizedenzymcGeodogic scdimcntsmolybdenummanganese,iodinesyalems ofsounemicobeshutmot alt.Aapoetion.if the cart/anaosiphese
6 Essential Biological Nutrients
SourcesofEssentialNutrientsCarbon sourcesHeterotroph - must obtain carbon in an organicform made by other living organisms such asproteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids Autotroph - an organism that uses CO2, aninorganicgas as its carbon source- Not nutritionally dependent on other living things7
7 Sources of Essential Nutrients • Carbon sources • Heterotroph – must obtain carbon in an organic form made by other living organisms such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids • Autotroph – an organism that uses CO2 , an inorganic gas as its carbon source – Not nutritionally dependent on other living things
Growth Factors:Essential OrganicNutrients: Organic compounds that cannot be synthesizedby an organism because they lack the geneticand metabolic mechanisms to synthesize them Growth factors must be provided as a nutrient-Essential amino acids, vitamins8
8 Growth Factors: Essential Organic Nutrients • Organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by an organism because they lack the genetic and metabolic mechanisms to synthesize them • Growth factors must be provided as a nutrient – Essential amino acids, vitamins
Nutritional Types: Main determinants of nutritional type are:- Carbon source - heterotroph, autotroph- Energy source Chemotroph - gain energy from chemicalcompounds? Phototrophs - gain energy throughphotosynthesis9
9 Nutritional Types • Main determinants of nutritional type are: – Carbon source – heterotroph, autotroph – Energy source • Chemotroph – gain energy from chemical compounds • Phototrophs – gain energy through photosynthesis
NutritionalCategoriesCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Permission required for reproduction or display.TABLE7.2Nutritional CategoriesofMicrobesbyEnergyandCarbonSourceCategorylExampleCarbon SourceEnergySourceAutotroph/CO2NonlivingEnvironmentPhotoautotrophSunlightPhotosyntheticorganisms,suchas algae.plantscyanobacteriaSimple inorganicChemoautotrophOnlycertainchemicalsbacteria, such asmethanogens,deep-sea ventbacteriaHeterotroph/OtherOrganismsOrganicor SunlightChemoheterotrophMetabolicProtozoa, fungi,conversion of themany bacteria,animalsnutrients fromotherorganismsISaprobeMetabolizing theFungi.bacteriaorganic matter of(decomposers)dead organisms2.ParasiteUtilizingtheVariousparasitesandtissues,uidspathogens; can beofa live hostbacteria, fungi.protozoa,animalsPhotoheterotrophSunlight orPurple and green10photosyntheticorganic matterbacteria
10 Nutritional Categories