The Face of Bacillus subtilisiGenomes&BiofilmsAshleeM.EarlKolterLabHarvardMedicalSchool
The Face of Bacillus subtilis: Genomes & Biofilms Ashlee M. Earl Kolter Lab Harvard Medical School
"Old" World-View of BiodiversityFungiPlantaeAnimaliaProtistaMonera (Bacteria)
“Old” World-View of Biodiversity Monera (Bacteria) Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia
Morphological Trait Comparisons.....works for finches and other macroorganisms
Morphological Trait Comparisons. .works for finches and other macroorganisms. 1 2 3 4
..but it doesn't work for microbes.WHY?
.but it doesn’t work for microbes. WHY?
MicrobesAreHardtoSee!Therearemoremicrobesinonegramofsoilthantherearehumansalivetoday
Microbes Are Hard to See! There are more microbes in one gram of soil than there are humans alive today
Microbes don't have beaks!BacillusanthracisBradyrhizobiumjaponicum
Bacillus anthracis Bradyrhizobium japonicum Microbes don’t have beaks!
Moleculartools: inferring relationships“Alignment"of16S/18SrRNA.GTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATTCCAGCTCCAATAGCGTATATTAAAGTTGCTGCAGTTAAAAAG.Homo sapiensS.cereviceaeGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATTCCAGCTCCAATAGCGTATATTAAAGTTGTTGCAGTTAAAAAG.zea maizeGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATTCCAGCTCCAATAGCGTATATTTAAGTTGTTGCAGTTAAAAAGEscherichia coliGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGGAGGGTGCAAGCGTTAATCGGAATTACTGGGCGTAAAGCGAnacystis nidulans.GTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGGGAGAGGCAAGCGTTATCCGGAATTATTGGGCGTAAAGCG.Thermotoga maritimaGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGTAGGGGGCAAGCGTTACCCGGATTTACTGGGCGTAAAGGGMethanococcusvannieliiGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACCGACGGCCCGAGTGGTAGCCACTCTTATTGGGCCTAAAGCG.Thermococcus celerGTGGCAGCCGCCGCGGTAATACCGGCGGCCCGAGTGGTGGCCGCTATTATTGGGCCTAAAGCGSulfolobus sulfotaricus.GTGTCAGCCGCCGCGGTAATACCAGCTCCGCGAGTGGTCGGGGTGATTACTGGGCCTAAAGCG.Evolutionary"Clock”HUMANYEASTQUANTITATIVELYINFERRELATIONSHIPS
Molecular tools: inferring relationships Homo sapiens .GTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATTCCAGCTCCAATAGCGTATATTAAAGTTGCTGCAGTTAAAAAG. S. cereviceae .GTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATTCCAGCTCCAATAGCGTATATTAAAGTTGTTGCAGTTAAAAAG. Zea maize .GTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATTCCAGCTCCAATAGCGTATATTTAAGTTGTTGCAGTTAAAAAG. Escherichia coli .GTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGGAGGGTGCAAGCGTTAATCGGAATTACTGGGCGTAAAGCG. Anacystis nidulans .GTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGGGAGAGGCAAGCGTTATCCGGAATTATTGGGCGTAAAGCG. Thermotoga maritima .GTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGTAGGGGGCAAGCGTTACCCGGATTTACTGGGCGTAAAGGG. Methanococcus vannielii .GTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACCGACGGCCCGAGTGGTAGCCACTCTTATTGGGCCTAAAGCG. Thermococcus celer .GTGGCAGCCGCCGCGGTAATACCGGCGGCCCGAGTGGTGGCCGCTATTATTGGGCCTAAAGCG. Sulfolobus sulfotaricus .GTGTCAGCCGCCGCGGTAATACCAGCTCCGCGAGTGGTCGGGGTGATTACTGGGCCTAAAGCG. “Alignment” of 16S/18S rRNA QUANTITATIVELY INFER RELATIONSHIPS HUMAN YEAST Evolutionary “Clock
A Remarkably Different View of BiodiversityFungiPlantaeBacteriaAnimaithaeaALLplantsanimalsand fungiProtistaEucaryaManera
A Remarkably Different View of Biodiversity Bacteria Archaea Eucarya ALL plants, animals and fungi Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia
FirmicutesBacilliDivision/PhylaBacillalesClassBacillaceaeOrderFamilyGenus
Family Order Division/Phyla Genus Firmicutes Bacillales Bacillaceae Class Bacilli
TheFaceof BacillussubtilisBacillus>99.8%identical16SrRNASpecies
The Face of Bacillus subtilis >99.8% identical 16S rRNA Species Bacillus