④IEEE IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies IEEE Power Engineering Society Sponsored by the Energy Development and Power Generation Committee IEEE IEEE Std 421.5TM-2005 3 Park Avenue New York,NY 10016-5997,USA (Revision of IEEE Std421.5-1992) 21 April 2006
IEEE Std 421.5™-2005 (Revision of IEEE Std 421.5-1992) IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies I E E E 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA 21 April 2006 IEEE Power Engineering Society Sponsored by the Energy Development and Power Generation Committee
Recognized as an IEEE Std421.5"-2005 American National Standard(ANSI) (Revision of IEEE Std421.5-1992) IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies Sponsor Energy Development and Power Generation Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Approved 29 December 2005 American National Standards Institute Approved 25 October 2005 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract:Excitation system models suitable for use in large-scale system stability studies are presented.Important limiters and supplementary controls are also included.The model structures presented are intended to facilitate the use of field test data as a means of obtaining model parameters.The models are,however,reduced order models and do not represent all of the control loops on any particular system.The models are valid for frequency deviations of t5%from rated frequency and oscillation frequencies up to 3 Hz.These models would not normally be adequate for use in studies of subsynchronous resonance or other shaft torsional interaction problems. Delayed protective and control features that may come into play in long term dynamic performance studies are not represented.A sample set of data for each of the models,for at least one particular application,is provided. Keywords:excitation limiters,excitation systems,power system stability
IEEE Std 421.5™-2005 (Revision of IEEE Std 421.5-1992) IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies Sponsor Energy Development and Power Generation Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Approved 29 December 2005 American National Standards Institute Approved 25 October 2005 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: Excitation system models suitable for use in large-scale system stability studies are presented. Important limiters and supplementary controls are also included. The model structures presented are intended to facilitate the use of field test data as a means of obtaining model parameters. The models are, however, reduced order models and do not represent all of the control loops on any particular system. The models are valid for frequency deviations of ±5% from rated frequency and oscillation frequencies up to 3 Hz. These models would not normally be adequate for use in studies of subsynchronous resonance or other shaft torsional interaction problems. Delayed protective and control features that may come into play in long term dynamic performance studies are not represented. A sample set of data for each of the models, for at least one particular application, is provided. Keywords: excitation limiters, excitation systems, power system stability Recognized as an American National Standard (ANSI)
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,Inc. 3 Park Avenue,New York,NY 10016-5997,USA Copyright 2006 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,Inc. All rights reserved.Published 21 April 2006.Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S.Patent Trademark Office,owned by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,Incorporated. Print: 1SBN0-7381-4786-9SH95364 PDF: 1SBN0-7381-4787-7SS95364 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,without the prior written permission of the publisher
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright © 2006 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 21 April 2006. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, owned by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Incorporated. Print: ISBN 0-7381-4786-9 SH95364 PDF: ISBN 0-7381-4787-7 SS95364 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher
IEEE Standards documents are developed within the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA)Standards Board.The IEEE develops its standards through a consensus development process,approved by the American National Standards Institute,which brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve the final product.Volunteers are not necessarily members of the Institute and serve without compensation.While the IEEE administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the consensus development process,the IEEE does not independently evaluate,test,or verify the accuracy of any of the information contained in its standards. Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary.The IEEE disclaims liability for any personal injury,property or other damage,of any nature whatsoever,whether special,indirect,consequential,or compensatory,directly or indirectly resulting from the publication,use of,or reliance upon this,or any other IEEE Standard document. The IEEE does not warrant or represent the accuracy or content of the material contained herein,and expressly disclaims any express or implied warranty,including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a specific purpose,or that the use of the material contained herein is free from patent infringement.IEEE Standards documents are supplied“ASIS.” The existence of an IEEE Standard does not imply that there are no other ways to produce,test,measure, purchase,market,or provide other goods and services related to the scope of the IEEE Standard.Furthermore,the viewpoint expressed at the time a standard is approved and issued is subject to change brought about through developments in the state of the art and comments received from users of the standard.Every IEEE Standard is subjected to review at least every five years for revision or reaffirmation.When a document is more than five years old and has not been reaffirmed,it is reasonable to conclude that its contents,although still of some value, do not wholly reflect the present state of the art.Users are cautioned to check to determine that they have the latest edition of any IEEE Standard. In publishing and making this document available,the IEEE is not suggesting or rendering professional or other services for,or on behalf of,any person or entity.Nor is the IEEE undertaking to perform any duty owed by any other person or entity to another.Any person utilizing this,and any other IEEE Standards document,should rely upon the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. Interpretations:Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning of portions of standards as they relate to specific applications.When the need for interpretations is brought to the attention of IEEE,the Institute will initiate action to prepare appropriate responses.Since IEEE Standards represent a consensus of concerned interests,it is important to ensure that any interpretation has also received the concurrence of a balance of interests.For this reason,IEEE and the members of its societies and Standards Coordinating Committees are not able to provide an instant response to interpretation requests except in those cases where the matter has previously received formal consideration.At lectures,symposia,seminars,or educational courses,an individual presenting information on IEEE standards shall make it clear that his or her views should be considered the personal views of that individual rather than the formal position,explanation,or interpretation of the IEEE. Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party,regardless of membership affiliation with IEEE.Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed change of text, together with appropriate supporting comments.Comments on standards and requests for interpretations should be addressed to: Secretary,IEEE-SA Standards Board 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway,NJ 08854 USA NOTE-Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights.By publication of this standard,no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith.The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents for which a license may be required by an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention. Authorization to photocopy portions of any individual standard for internal or personal use is granted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,Inc.,provided that the appropriate fee is paid to Copyright Clearance Center.To arrange for payment of licensing fee,please contact Copyright Clearance Center,Customer Service,222 Rosewood Drive,Danvers,MA 01923 USA;+1 978 750 8400.Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center
IEEE Standards documents are developed within the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) Standards Board. The IEEE develops its standards through a consensus development process, approved by the American National Standards Institute, which brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve the final product. Volunteers are not necessarily members of the Institute and serve without compensation. While the IEEE administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the consensus development process, the IEEE does not independently evaluate, test, or verify the accuracy of any of the information contained in its standards. Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary. The IEEE disclaims liability for any personal injury, property or other damage, of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance upon this, or any other IEEE Standard document. The IEEE does not warrant or represent the accuracy or content of the material contained herein, and expressly disclaims any express or implied warranty, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a specific purpose, or that the use of the material contained herein is free from patent infringement. IEEE Standards documents are supplied “AS IS.” The existence of an IEEE Standard does not imply that there are no other ways to produce, test, measure, purchase, market, or provide other goods and services related to the scope of the IEEE Standard. Furthermore, the viewpoint expressed at the time a standard is approved and issued is subject to change brought about through developments in the state of the art and comments received from users of the standard. Every IEEE Standard is subjected to review at least every five years for revision or reaffirmation. When a document is more than five years old and has not been reaffirmed, it is reasonable to conclude that its contents, although still of some value, do not wholly reflect the present state of the art. Users are cautioned to check to determine that they have the latest edition of any IEEE Standard. In publishing and making this document available, the IEEE is not suggesting or rendering professional or other services for, or on behalf of, any person or entity. Nor is the IEEE undertaking to perform any duty owed by any other person or entity to another. Any person utilizing this, and any other IEEE Standards document, should rely upon the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. Interpretations: Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning of portions of standards as they relate to specific applications. When the need for interpretations is brought to the attention of IEEE, the Institute will initiate action to prepare appropriate responses. Since IEEE Standards represent a consensus of concerned interests, it is important to ensure that any interpretation has also received the concurrence of a balance of interests. For this reason, IEEE and the members of its societies and Standards Coordinating Committees are not able to provide an instant response to interpretation requests except in those cases where the matter has previously received formal consideration. At lectures, symposia, seminars, or educational courses, an individual presenting information on IEEE standards shall make it clear that his or her views should be considered the personal views of that individual rather than the formal position, explanation, or interpretation of the IEEE. Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party, regardless of membership affiliation with IEEE. Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed change of text, together with appropriate supporting comments. Comments on standards and requests for interpretations should be addressed to: Secretary, IEEE-SA Standards Board 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA Authorization to photocopy portions of any individual standard for internal or personal use is granted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., provided that the appropriate fee is paid to Copyright Clearance Center. To arrange for payment of licensing fee, please contact Copyright Clearance Center, Customer Service, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA; +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. NOTE−Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents for which a license may be required by an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention
Introduction (This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 421.5-2005.IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies.) Excitation system models suitable for use in large-scale system stability studies are presented in this recommended practice.With these models,most of the excitation systems currently in widespread use on large,system-connected synchronous machines in North America can be represented. In 1968,models for the systems in use at that time were presented by the Excitation System Subcommittee and were widely used by the industry.Improved models that reflected advances in equipment and better modeling practices were developed and published in the IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems in 1981.These models included representation of more recently developed systems and some of the supplementary excitation control features commonly used with them.In 1992,the 1981 models were updated and presented in the form of recommended practice IEEE Std 421.5-1992.In 2005,this document was further revised to add information on reactive differential compensation,excitation limiters,power factor and var controllers,and new models incorporating proportional,integral,and differential (PID) control. The model structures presented are intended to facilitate the use of field test data as a means of obtaining model parameters.The models are,however,reduced order models and do not represent all of the control loops on any particular system.The models are valid for frequency deviations of +5%from rated frequency and oscillation frequencies up to 3 Hz.These models would not normally be adequate for use in studies of subsynchronous resonance or other shaft torsional interaction problems.Delayed protective and control features that may come into play in long-term dynamic performance studies are not represented.A sample set of data for each of the models,for at least one particular application,is provided. Notice to users Errata Errata,if any,for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL:http:// standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html.Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL:http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights.By publication of this standard,no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith.The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents or patent applications for which a license may be required to implement an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention. Copyright 2006 IEEE.All rights reserved
iv Copyright © 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction Excitation system models suitable for use in large-scale system stability studies are presented in this recommended practice. With these models, most of the excitation systems currently in widespread use on large, system-connected synchronous machines in North America can be represented. In 1968, models for the systems in use at that time were presented by the Excitation System Subcommittee and were widely used by the industry. Improved models that reflected advances in equipment and better modeling practices were developed and published in the IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems in 1981. These models included representation of more recently developed systems and some of the supplementary excitation control features commonly used with them. In 1992, the 1981 models were updated and presented in the form of recommended practice IEEE Std 421.5-1992. In 2005, this document was further revised to add information on reactive differential compensation, excitation limiters, power factor and var controllers, and new models incorporating proportional, integral, and differential (PID) control. The model structures presented are intended to facilitate the use of field test data as a means of obtaining model parameters. The models are, however, reduced order models and do not represent all of the control loops on any particular system. The models are valid for frequency deviations of ±5% from rated frequency and oscillation frequencies up to 3 Hz. These models would not normally be adequate for use in studies of subsynchronous resonance or other shaft torsional interaction problems. Delayed protective and control features that may come into play in long-term dynamic performance studies are not represented. A sample set of data for each of the models, for at least one particular application, is provided. Notice to users Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:// standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents or patent applications for which a license may be required to implement an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention. (This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 421.5-2005, IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies.)
Participants At the time this recommended practice was completed,the Working Group had the following membership: Les Hajagos,Chair D.C.Lee,Past Chair J.C.Agee Anne-Marie Hissel Shawn Patterson Mike Basler Joe Hurley Manfred Reimann Roger Beaulieu Ruediger Kutzner Graham Rogers Roger Berube Jim Luini Robert Rusch Murray Coultes Om Malik Rich Schaefer James Feltes Steve Miller Alexander Schneider Luc Gerin-Lajoie Richard Mummert Paul Smulders Arjun Godhwani Sandy Murdoch Jose Taborda Robert Grondin Robert Thornton-Jones The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this standard.Balloters may have voted for approval,disapproval,or abstention. William Ackerman Anne-Marie Hissel Michael Newman J.C.Agee Adrienne Hendrickson Shawn Patterson Ali Al Awazi Ajit Hiranandani Manfred Reimann Sabir Azizi-Ghannad David Jackson James Ruggieri William Bloethe Innocent Kamwa Alexander Schneider Steven Brockschink Prabha Kundur Rich Schaefer Gustavo Brunello Ruediger Kutzner Winfried Stach Voith Keith Chow Lawrence Long Jose Taborda Gary Engmann Lisardo Lourido Shanmugan Thamilarasan James Feltes Omar Mazzoni Robert Thornton-Jones Robert Grondin Om Malik Gaeral Vaughn Randall Groves James Michalec James Wilson Jim Gurney G.Michel Ahmed Zobaa Charles Morse Copyright2006 IEEE.All rights reserved
Copyright © 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved. v Participants At the time this recommended practice was completed, the Working Group had the following membership: Les Hajagos, Chair D. C. Lee, Past Chair The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. J. C. Agee Mike Basler Roger Beaulieu Roger Berube Murray Coultes James Feltes Luc Gerin-Lajoie Arjun Godhwani Robert Grondin Anne-Marie Hissel Joe Hurley Ruediger Kutzner Jim Luini Om Malik Steve Miller Richard Mummert Sandy Murdoch Shawn Patterson Manfred Reimann Graham Rogers Robert Rusch Rich Schaefer Alexander Schneider Paul Smulders Jose Taborda Robert Thornton-Jones William Ackerman J. C. Agee Ali Al Awazi Sabir Azizi-Ghannad William Bloethe Steven Brockschink Gustavo Brunello Keith Chow Gary Engmann James Feltes Robert Grondin Randall Groves Jim Gurney Anne-Marie Hissel Adrienne Hendrickson Ajit Hiranandani David Jackson Innocent Kamwa Prabha Kundur Ruediger Kutzner Lawrence Long Lisardo Lourido Omar Mazzoni Om Malik James Michalec G. Michel Charles Morse Michael Newman Shawn Patterson Manfred Reimann James Ruggieri Alexander Schneider Rich Schaefer Winfried Stach Voith Jose Taborda Shanmugan Thamilarasan Robert Thornton-Jones Gaeral Vaughn James Wilson Ahmed Zobaa
The final conditions for approval of this standard were met on 25 October 2005.This standard was conditionally approved by the IEEE-SA Standards Board on 22 September 2005,with the following membership: Steve M.Mills,Chair Richard H.Hulett,Vice Chair Don Wright,Past Chair Judith Gorman,Secretary Mark D.Bowman Raymond Hapeman Glenn Parsons Dennis B.Brophy William B.Hopf Ronald C.Petersen Joseph Bruder Lowell G.Johnson Gary S.Robinson Richard Cox Hermann Koch Frank Stone Bob Davis Joseph L.Koepfinger* Malcolm V.Thaden Julian Forster* David J.Law Richard L.Townsend Joanna N.Guenin Daleep C.Mohla Joe D.Watson Mark S.Halpin Paul Nikolich Howard L.Wolfman T.W.Olsen *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish K.Aggarwal,NRC Representative Richard DeBlasio,DOE Representative Alan H.Cookson,NIST Representative Michael D.Fisher IEEE Standards Project Editor vi Copyright 2006 IEEE.All rights reserved
vi Copyright © 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved. The final conditions for approval of this standard were met on 25 October 2005. This standard was conditionally approved by the IEEE-SA Standards Board on 22 September 2005, with the following membership: Steve M. Mills, Chair Richard H. Hulett, Vice Chair Don Wright, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative Alan H. Cookson, NIST Representative Michael D. Fisher IEEE Standards Project Editor Mark D. Bowman Dennis B. Brophy Joseph Bruder Richard Cox Bob Davis Julian Forster* Joanna N. Guenin Mark S. Halpin Raymond Hapeman William B. Hopf Lowell G. Johnson Hermann Koch Joseph L. Koepfinger* David J. Law Daleep C. Mohla Paul Nikolich T. W. Olsen Glenn Parsons Ronald C. Petersen Gary S. Robinson Frank Stone Malcolm V. Thaden Richard L. Townsend Joe D. Watson Howard L. Wolfman
Contents 1. Overyiew..... l.1 Scope.… 2. Normative references............ …2 3. Representation of synchronous machine excitation systems in power system studies.................... 4. Synchronous machine terminal voltage transducer and current compensator models........................4 5. Type DC-Direct current commutator exciters............. .6 5.1 Type DC1A excitation system model.... 5.2 Type DC2A excitation system model........... 7 8 5.3 Type DC3A excitation system model.8 5.4 Type DC4B excitation system model...... .9 6. Type AC-Alternator-supplied rectifier excitation systems 10 6.1 Type AC1A excitation system model............... .10 6.2 Type AC2A excitation system model...... .11 6.3 Type AC3A excitation system model......... .12 6.4 Type AC4A excitation system model........... 13 6.5 Type AC5A excitation system model.... …13 6.6 Type AC6A excitation system model...... .14 6.7 Type AC7B excitation system model...... 14 6.8 Type AC8B excitation system model...... …14 1. Type ST-Static excitation systems.......... .15 7.1 Type STIA excitation system model .16 7.2 Type ST2A excitation system model..... 17 7.3 Type ST3A excitation system model....... .18 7.4 Type ST4B excitation system model............. 18 7.5 Type ST5B excitation system model...... .19 7.6 Type ST6B excitation system model........... 19 7.7 Type ST7B excitation system model................ 20 8. Power system stabilizers. 21 8.1 Type PSS1A power system stabilizer model..... 8.2 Type PSS2B power system stabilizer model.... 21 22 8.3 Type PSS3B power system stabilizer model.... 23 8.4 Type PSS4B power system stabilizer model......... .24 Overexcitation limiters. .25 9.1 Field winding thermal capability.25 9.2 OEL types… …26 9.3 OEL model......... 27 Copyright2006 IEEE.All rights reserved. vii
Copyright © 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved. vii Contents 1. Overview.............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Scope............................................................................................................................................ 1 2. Normative references........................................................................................................................... 2 3. Representation of synchronous machine excitation systems in power system studies........................ 2 4. Synchronous machine terminal voltage transducer and current compensator models ........................ 4 5. Type DC—Direct current commutator exciters................................................................................... 6 5.1 Type DC1A excitation system model.......................................................................................... 7 5.2 Type DC2A excitation system model.......................................................................................... 8 5.3 Type DC3A excitation system model.......................................................................................... 8 5.4 Type DC4B excitation system model .......................................................................................... 9 6. Type AC—Alternator-supplied rectifier excitation systems ............................................................. 10 6.1 Type AC1A excitation system model........................................................................................ 10 6.2 Type AC2A excitation system model........................................................................................ 11 6.3 Type AC3A excitation system model........................................................................................ 12 6.4 Type AC4A excitation system model........................................................................................ 13 6.5 Type AC5A excitation system model........................................................................................ 13 6.6 Type AC6A excitation system model........................................................................................ 14 6.7 Type AC7B excitation system model ........................................................................................ 14 6.8 Type AC8B excitation system model ........................................................................................ 14 7. Type ST—Static excitation systems .................................................................................................. 15 7.1 Type ST1A excitation system model......................................................................................... 16 7.2 Type ST2A excitation system model......................................................................................... 17 7.3 Type ST3A excitation system model......................................................................................... 18 7.4 Type ST4B excitation system model ......................................................................................... 18 7.5 Type ST5B excitation system model ......................................................................................... 19 7.6 Type ST6B excitation system model ......................................................................................... 19 7.7 Type ST7B excitation system model ......................................................................................... 20 8. Power system stabilizers.................................................................................................................... 21 8.1 Type PSS1A power system stabilizer model............................................................................. 21 8.2 Type PSS2B power system stabilizer model ............................................................................. 22 8.3 Type PSS3B power system stabilizer model ............................................................................. 23 8.4 Type PSS4B power system stabilizer model ............................................................................. 24 9. Overexcitation limiters....................................................................................................................... 25 9.1 Field winding thermal capability ............................................................................................... 25 9.2 OEL types .................................................................................................................................. 26 9.3 OEL model................................................................................................................................. 27
10.Underexcitation limiters............ .29 10.1 Circular characteristic UEL (Type UELI model).30 10.2 Piecewise linear UEL (Type UEL2 model)......31 11.Power factor and reactive power controllers and regulators.. .34 11.IVoltage adjuster 35 11.2 PF controller Type I........ .36 11.3 Var controller Type I. 36 11.4 PF controller Type II. 11.5 Var controller Type II....... 38 .38 12.Supplementary discontinuous excitation control.... .39 12.General....... 39 12.2 Type DEC1A discontinuous excitation control... .39 12.3 Type DEC2A discontinuous excitation control...... .40 12.4 Type DEC3A discontinuous excitation control........... .41 Annex A (normative)Nomenclature........................ .42 Annex B(normative)Per unit system........ .49 Annex C(normative)Exciter saturation and loading effects.50 Annex D (normative)Rectifier regulation.52 Annex E (normative)Representation of limits..53 Annex F(informative)Avoiding computational problems by eliminating fast feedback loops.................57 Annex G(normative)Paths for flow of induced synchronous machine negative field current..................62 Annex Hinformative)Sample data.64 Annex I (informative)Manufacturer model cross reference..... ..81 Annex J (informative)Bibliography........ .83 viii Copyright2006 IEEE.All rights reserved
viii Copyright © 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved. 10. Underexcitation limiters..................................................................................................................... 29 10.1 Circular characteristic UEL (Type UEL1 model)...................................................................... 30 10.2 Piecewise linear UEL (Type UEL2 model)............................................................................... 31 11. Power factor and reactive power controllers and regulators.............................................................. 34 11.1 Voltage adjuster ......................................................................................................................... 35 11.2 PF controller Type I................................................................................................................... 36 11.3 Var controller Type I ................................................................................................................. 36 11.4 PF controller Type II.................................................................................................................. 38 11.5 Var controller Type II ................................................................................................................ 38 12. Supplementary discontinuous excitation control............................................................................... 39 12.1 General....................................................................................................................................... 39 12.2 Type DEC1A discontinuous excitation control ......................................................................... 39 12.3 Type DEC2A discontinuous excitation control ......................................................................... 40 12.4 Type DEC3A discontinuous excitation control ......................................................................... 41 Annex A (normative) Nomenclature ............................................................................................................. 42 Annex B (normative) Per unit system............................................................................................................ 49 Annex C (normative) Exciter saturation and loading effects......................................................................... 50 Annex D (normative) Rectifier regulation..................................................................................................... 52 Annex E (normative) Representation of limits .............................................................................................. 53 Annex F (informative) Avoiding computational problems by eliminating fast feedback loops ................... 57 Annex G (normative) Paths for flow of induced synchronous machine negative field current .................... 62 Annex H (informative) Sample data.............................................................................................................. 64 Annex I (informative) Manufacturer model cross reference ......................................................................... 81 Annex J (informative) Bibliography.............................................................................................................. 83
