Gao's V-Model Systems Engineering Stakeholder Systems Engineering Lifecycle Lecture 5 Analysis Overview Managment Systems Architecture Requirement Cost and Schedule Commissioning Analysis Management Operations Instructor(s) System Verification and Architecture Validation Prof.Jianjun Gao Tradespace System Department of Automation Exploration Integration School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering Human System Factor Design Definition and Safety 2014 Spring Optimization System Engineering by J.J.Gao CLCO Today's Agenda System/Product Architecture Framework System Regulations Architecture Manufacturing Operations, lllities* Corporate Where? System Architecture form strategy Structure How When? Form,Concept,Functions Competition Why？ What function timing →needs→goals concept Action Market Data +constraints Purpose Performance Object-Process Modelling(OPM) Behavlor Requlrement Who? operator< Market Users Case:OnStar System Strategy Technology Training Outbound marketing strategy,Sales, Customer(s) Distribution "Reliabiity,Servicablity,Environmental Impact,Upgradeability,Flexibibty,etc... Can be System Engineering by Gao ③ctGe System Engineering by .J.Gao ⑦ctGe 国
Systems Engineering Instructor(s) + - 2014 Spring Systems Architecture Prof. Jianjun Gao Department of Automation School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering Lecture 5 + - System Engineering by J. J. Gao 2 Gao’s V-Model Stakeholder Analysis Requirement Analysis System Architecture Tradespace Exploration Design Definition and Optimization System Integration Verification and Validation Commissioning Operations Lifecycle Managment Systems Engineering Overview Cost and Schedule Management Human Factor System Safety + - 3 Today䇻s Agenda System Architecture Form, Concept, Functions Object-Process Modelling(OPM) Case: OnStar System System Engineering by J. J. Gao + - System Engineering by J. J. Gao 4 System/Product Architecture Framework Can be
Ambiguity-Creativity-Complexity Definition Complexity Architecture The embodiment of concept,and the allocation of physical/informational function(process)to elements of form (objects)and definition of structural interfaces among the objects Creativity Ambiguity ■Consists of: Form Mission concopt prelim.detailed chunks Integration life-cycle bvolution ■-Function C D -Related by Concept Early on ambiguity is high->reduce ambiguity To Form Next concept are needed->focus creativity Concept Then complexity starts increasing->manage complexity System Engineering by J.J.Gao ③cLao 国 System Engineering by J.J.Gao ③cLco 国 6 Other Definition Form -Defined The sum of the elements_(objects) The structure,arrangements or configuration of system elements and their internal relationships The structure or arrangement of the physical/logical necessary to satisfy constraints and requirements. embodiment (Frey) The shape or configuration The arrangement of the functional elements into (often but not always)What can be seen physical blocks.(Ulrich Eppinger) What is implemented (formed,manufactured, An abstract description of the entities of a system and assembled,written,sculpted or drawn) the relationship between those entities(Crawley et What it is al.) What is in common? System Engineering by J..Gao ③ctGe System Engineering by .J.Gao ③ctse 8
+ - System Engineering by J. J. Gao 5 Ambiguity-Creativity-Complexity + - Architecture : The embodiment of concept, and the allocation of physical/informational function (process) to elements of form (objects) and definition of structural interfaces among the objects Consists of: – Function – Related by Concept – To Form System Engineering by J. J. Gao 6 Definition + - The structure, arrangements or configuration of system elements and their internal relationships necessary to satisfy constraints and requirements. (Frey) The arrangement of the functional elements into physical blocks.(Ulrich & Eppinger) An abstract description of the entities of a system and the relationship between those entities (Crawley et al.) System Engineering by J. J. Gao 7 Other Definition What is in common? + - The sum of the elements (objects) The structure or arrangement of the physical/logical embodiment The shape or configuration (often but not always) What can be seen What is implemented (formed, manufactured, assembled, written, sculpted or drawn) What it is. System Engineering by J. J. Gao 8 Form -Defined
Function Architecting Sequence In design,you know the functions(and The activities,operations and transformations that cause,create presumably the goals)and try to Reverse Reverse or contribute to performance(i.e.meeting goals) create the form to deliver the function Engineering The actions for which a thing exists or is employed Function What the product/system does. definition Mapping Is what the system eventually does,the activities and transformations which emerges as sub-function aggregate Can be decomposed about one level before concept is required Can show connectivity of function-mass(material),momentum Mapping (force),energy (power),information(data),information Form (commands) definition Is more difficult to represent than form (because "invisible") Conceptual In reverse engineering,you know theform, design and are trying to infer the function(and presumably eventually the goals)12 System Engineering by J.J.Gao ③cLao 国 System Engineering by J.J.Gao ③cLco 国 10 Concept -Informal Definition Concept -Formal Definition Form A product or system vision,idea, 分 The specialization of function and mapping to its notion or mental image which: physical embodiment of form -Maps Form to Function Concept The specification of the list of the design variables, -Embodies "Working Principles" which when specified will define the design Is in the solution-specific vocabulary- Products based on the same concept are it is the solution "continuously connected" Is an abstraction of form Products based on different concepts are "disjoint". Is not a product/system attribute,but a mapping System Engineering by Gao ③ctGe 11 System Engineering by .J.Gao ③ctse 12
+ - The activities, operations and transformations that cause, create or contribute to performance (i.e. meeting goals) The actions for which a thing exists or is employed What the product/system does. Is what the system eventually does, the activities and transformations which emerges as sub-function aggregate Can be decomposed about one level before concept is required Can show connectivity of function -mass (material), momentum (force), energy (power), information (data), information (commands) Is more difficult to represent than form (because “invisible”) System Engineering by J. J. Gao 9 Function + - System Engineering by J. J. Gao 10 Architecting Sequence In reverse engineering, you know theform, and are trying to infer the function(and presumably eventually the goals)12 In design, you know the functions(and presumably the goals) and try to Reverse create the form to deliver the function + - A product or system vision, idea, notion or mental image which: – Maps Form to Function – Embodies “Working Principles” Is in the solution-specific vocabulary - it is the solution Is an abstraction of form System Engineering by J. J. Gao 11 Concept -Informal Definition Is not a product/system attribute, but a mapping + - The specialization of function and mapping to its physical embodiment of form The specification of the list of the design variables, which when specified will define the design Products based on the same concept are “continuously connected” Products based on different concepts are “disjoint”. System Engineering by J. J. Gao 12 Concept -Formal Definition
Concept:Whistle Operator Creating Architecture -Civil Object-Process-Diagram(OPD) Making tone Aligning! Bump Sketch Transporting Concept? Deflecting/ Function? Form? Ramp Interfaces？ Venting Context? Step Vortex Cresirg Hole Exciting Cavity wall Tonc (internal) Resonating/ Star amplitying. Ring Tone (radiatod] Coupling- Product/system boundary 17 System Engineering by J.J.Gao ⑦c⊥ao System Engineering by J.J.Gao ⑦cLco 国 14 Architecture-Mechanical Architecture-Communications Network Concept? Supplied with cm Function？ Form? Cad Read山 Interfaces? Text Box:Cable-stayed bric g Context? 品 Cable-stayed bridge Concept? Suspension Bridge Function? Form? Interfaces? Context? System Engineering by J.J.Gao ③ctGe 15 System Engineering by .]Gao ⑦ctGe 国 16
+ - Describe the concept of one of the following items: – Whistle – Automobile – Aircraft – Communications Satellite – International Space Station – Lecture System Engineering by J. J. Gao 13 Exercise + - System Engineering by J. J. Gao 14 Architecture –Civil + - System Engineering by J. J. Gao 15 Architecture – Mechanical + - System Engineering by J. J. Gao 16 Architecture - Communications Network
Today's Agenda Object-Process Methodology The Object-Process Methodology(OPM)is an integrated approach to the study and development of systems in ■System Architecture general. OPM unifies the system's structure and behavior .Form,Concept,Functions throughout the analysis,design and implementation of the Object-Process Modelling(OPM) system within one frame of reference using a single diagramming tool- ■Case:OnStar System the Object-Process Diagram (OPD)and a corresponding,English-like language- the Object-Process Language (OPL). System Engineering by Gao CLCO 国 17 System Engineering by J.J.Gao ③ctco 18 Object-Process Methodology Object-Process Methodology(OPM)Principles The basic premise of OPM is that objects and Objects and processes are the two types of processes are two types of equally important equally important things(entities)required to classes of things,that together faithfully describe describe a system in a single,unifying model. both the structure and the behavior of systems in a single model in virtually any domain. Processes transform objects by changing their At any point in time,each object is at some state, state.Transformation includes creation and and object states are transformed through the elimination. occurrence of a process. Complexity is controlled through recursive and Scaling can be applied recursively and selectively selective scaling (zooming)of objects and/or to both objects and processes. processes to any desired level of detail. ③ctGe ③ctGe 国
+ - 17 Today䇻s Agenda System Architecture Form, Concept, Functions Object-Process Modelling(OPM) Case: OnStar System System Engineering by J. J. Gao + - System Engineering by J. J. Gao 18 Object-Process Methodology The Object-Process Methodology (OPM) is an integrated approach to the study and development of systems in general. OPM unifies the system’s structure and behavior throughout the analysis, design and implementation of the system within one frame of reference using a single diagramming tool – the Object-Process Diagram (OPD) and a corresponding, English-like language – the Object-Process Language (OPL). + - The basic premise of OPM is that objects and processes are two types of equally important classes of things, that together faithfully describe both the structure and the behavior of systems in a single model in virtually any domain. At any point in time, each object is at some state, and object states are transformed through the occurrence of a process. Complexity is controlled through recursive and selective scaling (zooming) of objects and/or processes to any desired level of detail. Object-Process Methodology + - Object-Process Methodology (OPM) Principles Objects and processes are the two types of equally important things (entities) required to describe a system in a single, unifying model. Processes transform objects by changing their state. Transformation includes creation and elimination. Scaling can be applied recursively and selectively to both objects and processes.
OPM Benefits Object-Process Diagrams(OPDs) Unification of the system's structure and behavior within one intuitive model throughout the system lifecycle:The same A visual formalism(Harel)that concepts are carried on throughout the entire development captures both objects and processes life cycle No need for mental transformations and integration across in the system along with the different models-no model multiplicity problem. structural and procedural relations Objects and processes are dual and complement each other among them. in the system's specification-no object supremacy. The entire system is fully defined by Encapsulation is relative and flexible-objects can encapsulate processes and vice versa. the OPD set-a set of inter-related and consistent OPDs. ③cLeo ③ctce Objects,Processes,Things Object Object:that which has the potential of persistent unconditional existence for some Object positive duration of time.Symbol:B1 Process:the pattern of changing that An Object is that which has the potential of stable, unconditional existence for some positive duration of time transforms one or more objects by changing Can be physical:visible or tangible and stable in form their state or by creating or destroying them. Can be informational:anything that can be apprehended Symbol:P intellectually Objects have states(which can be changed by process) Thing:a generalization of an object and a Objects are linked to nouns process. Meta-symbol:T System Engineering by J..Gao ③ctGo 国 23 System Engineering by .J.Gao ③ctse 24
+ - OPM Benefits Unification of the system’s structure and behavior within one intuitive model throughout the system lifecycle: The same concepts are carried on throughout the entire development life cycle. No need for mental transformations and integration across different models – no model multiplicity problem. Objects and processes are dual and complement each other in the system’s specification – no object supremacy. Encapsulation is relative and flexible – objects can encapsulate processes and vice versa. + - Object-Process Diagrams (OPDs) A visual formalism (Harel) that captures both objects and processes in the system along with the structural and procedural relations among them. The entire system is fully defined by the OPD set—a set of inter-related and consistent OPDs. + - System Engineering by J. J. Gao 23 Object: that which has the potential of persistent unconditional existence for some positive duration of time. Symbol: Process: the pattern of changing that transforms one or more objects by changing their state or by creating or destroying them. Symbol: Thing: a generalization of an object and a process. Meta-symbol: Objects, Processes, Things B1 T1 P1 + - An Object is that which has the potential of stable, unconditional existence for some positive duration of time Can be physical: visible or tangible and stable in form Can be informational: anything that can be apprehended intellectually Objects have states(which can be changed by process) Objects are linked to nouns System Engineering by J. J. Gao 24 Object
Object and its States Status Representations ②lampSimple.opa 回☒ State is a situation at which the object can exist for some positive duration of time(and implicitly can change). lamp ■ Process change the state of a particular objects,the operand Lamp For simple objects,the state can be represented by a rounded rectangle within the rectangle representing the object of） on Status off on Examples: -When thinking about tranporation,a person: -When thinking about heating.a home Cad wam When thinking about assigning,an array Implicit Status Explicit Status Representation Representation System Engineering by J.J.Gao ③cLao 国 25 ③cLGo 国 Process Thought Exercise Processing Look at things and decide if they are objects or .A process is the pattern of transformation applied to one or process-have states or change states more objects Can not hold or touch a process-it is fleeting Generally creation,change,or destruction .A process relies on at least one object in the pre-process set A process transforms at least one object in the pre-process set A process takes place along a time line A process is associated with a verb System Engineering by J.J.Gao ③ctoo 27 System Engineering by .J.Gao ⑦c1Ge 国 28
+ - System Engineering by J. J. Gao 25 Object and its States State is a situation at which the object can exist for some positive duration of time( and implicitly can change). Process change the state of a particular objects, the operand For simple objects, the state can be represented by a rounded rectangle within the rectangle representing the object + - Status Representations Implicit Status Representation Explicit Status Representation + - A process is the pattern of transformation applied to one or more objects Can not hold or touch a process- it is fleeting Generally creation, change, or destruction A process relies on at least one object in the pre-process set A process transforms at least one object in the pre-process set A process takes place along a time line A process is associated with a verb System Engineering by J. J. Gao 27 Process + - System Engineering by J. J. Gao 28 Thought Exercise Look at things and decide if they are objects or process-have states or change states
Structure Structure Structural relations are divided into two groups: The static,relatively stable aspect of the system Non-transient,long-term relationships among objects in the system 1.General structural relations .A snapshot of the system at a given time point that describes the state bi-directional of the system-the state of each of its object Disk stores File structural link: is stored in Structure is about the static aspect of the system,while behavior is (a) about its dynamics. unidirectional Disk stores File structural link: Structural Relation: (b) an association that holds between two or more things (objects and/or 2.Fundamental structural relations processes)in the system for some non-negligible time. ③cLao 国 ③cLco 国 Fundamental Structural Relation Aggregation-Particulation: A structural relation that defines the relation one of the following structural relations: between the whole and its parts. Aggregation-Particulation Symbol:▲ Featuring-Characterization △ VOPDtop.opa 回☒ Generalization-Specialization △ Image Classification-Instantiation Foreground Background Since those relations are so widespread,special OPL: symbols are assigned for their corresponding links Object Image consists of Foreground and Background. Aggregation exists between things of the same kind: An object aggregates objects and process-processes. ③ctGe ③ctse@
+ - Structure • The static, relatively stable aspect of the system • Non-transient, long-term relationships among objects in the system • A snapshot of the system at a given time point that describes the state of the system - the state of each of its object • Structure is about the static aspect of the system, while behavior is about its dynamics. Structural Relation: an association that holds between two or more things (objects and/or processes) in the system for some non-negligible time. + - Structural relations are divided into two groups: 1. General structural relations bi-directional structural link: Disk stores File Disk stores is stored in File (a) (b) unidirectional structural link: 2. Fundamental structural relations Structure + - one of the following structural relations: • Aggregation-Particulation • Featuring-Characterization • Generalization-Specialization • Classification-Instantiation Since those relations are so widespread, special symbols are assigned for their corresponding links Fundamental Structural Relation + - A structural relation that defines the relation between the whole and its parts. Symbol: Aggregation-Particulation: OPL: Object Image consists of Foreground and Background. Aggregation exists between things of the same kind: An object aggregates objects and process - processes.
Featuring-Characterization Instantiation-Materialization: a structural relation that defines the relation a structural relation that defines the relation between the thing and its features. between a class of things and its instances. ■Symbol::△ ■Symbol: Feature:a thing that characterizes a thing. Cylinder Attribute:a feature which is an object. Operation:a feature which is a process (also known as method or service) BoxD Cylinder A VOPDtop.opa 回X Image is in front of Object Cylinder instantiates Cylinder A and Cylinder B. Name Sitation Display Object Box instantiates Box C and Box D. Box C is in front of Box D. Box D is in front of Cylinder B. OPL: Box D is right of Cylinder A. Object Image features Name,Situation and Process Display. Cylinder A is left of Cylinder B. cLe国 ③cLco Generalization-Specialization: Structural links:an example a structural relation that defines the relation Camera between a general things and its specializations. 屋 Also known as gen-spec; Lens holds Case Capturing- is attached-to ■induces inheritance Medium uses Analog- Electronic- ■Symbol:△ Camera Camera Focal- Operation- length mode An object generalizes objects and process-processes. Photographic Magnetic uses Film Tape Case,Lens and Capturing-Medium are parts of the object Camera. "uses"is a structural relation(association).It has specializations. ③ctGe ③ctGo 国
+ - Feature: a thing that characterizes a thing. Attribute: a feature which is an object. Operation: a feature which is a process (also known as method or service). OPL: Object Image features Name, Situation and Process Display. a structural relation that defines the relation between the thing and its features. Symbol: Featuring-Characterization Display + - Object Cylinder instantiates Cylinder A and Cylinder B. Object Box instantiates Box C and Box D. Box C is in front of Box D. Box D is in front of Cylinder B. Box D is right of Cylinder A. Cylinder A is left of Cylinder B. a structural relation that defines the relation between a class of things and its instances. Symbol: a structural relation Instantiation n t - that defines the relation that d Materialization: A B C D is in front of + - a structural relation that defines the relation between a general things and its specializations. Also known as gen-spec; induces inheritance Symbol: Generalization-Specialization: An object generalizes objects and process - processes. + - Case, Lens and Capturing-Medium are parts of the object Camera. “uses” is a structural relation (association). It has specializations. Structural links: an example Lens Case Camera CapturingMedium ElectronicCamera Analog- Camera is attached-to Magnetic Tape Photographic Film uses uses uses Operationmode Focal- length holds
Procedural links Enablers Procedural link is a link that connects a process with an object that is Enabler of a process is an object that must be present in involved in the occurrence of that process. order for that process to occur but is not transformed by the process. There are two types of procedural links: An enabler is a role that an object assumes with respect Enabling link is a procedural link that connects a process with an Enabler of that process. to a particular process. .Transformation link is a procedural link that connects a process with a ■Two Enabler types: Transformed object of that process. .OPL:Procedural link generalizes Enabling link and Transformation OPL:Enabler generalizes Agent and Instrument. link. Agent:an intelligent enabler,which can control the process it enables by exercising common sense or goal- oriented considerations. ● Instrument:any non-agent enabler. ③cLeo ③clG0 国 Enabler Examples Transformation links Agents:human,organization,a unit within a man-made Effect link is a transformation link that connects a organization,such as department,city council,government, process with its affected object or with the affected object team,company,brigade. states. Not any human or organization is necessarily an agent. Instruments:machines,tools,computers,robots,hardware, software,documents,orders,recipes,algorithms,files, Consumption link is a transformation link that connects information,data and commands a process with a consumed object of that process. Result link is a transformation link that connects a Transporting requires skateboard process with a resulting object of that process. Skateboard is handled by operator ③ctGo ③ctGe 国
+ - Procedural link is a link that connects a process with an object that is involved in the occurrence of that process. There are two types of procedural links: Enabling link is a procedural link that connects a process with an Enabler of that process. Transformation link is a procedural link that connects a process with a Transformed object of that process. OPL: Procedural link generalizes Enabling link and Transformation link. Procedural links + - Enabler of a process is an object that must be present in order for that process to occur but is not transformed by the process. An enabler is a role that an object assumes with respect to a particular process. Two Enabler types: OPL: Enabler generalizes Agent and Instrument. Agent: an intelligent enabler, which can control the process it enables by exercising common sense or goaloriented considerations. Instrument: any non-agent enabler. Enablers + - Agents: human, organization, a unit within a man-made organization, such as department, city council, government, team, company, brigade. Not any human or organization is necessarily an agent. Instruments: machines, tools, computers, robots, hardware, software, documents, orders, recipes, algorithms, files, information, data and commands Enabler Examples + - Effect link is a transformation link that connects a process with its affected object or with the affected object states. Consumption link is a transformation link that connects a process with a consumed object of that process. Result link is a transformation link that connects a process with a resulting object of that process. Transformation links