一.土壤卫生的意义 土壤的物理、化学及生物学特性会不同程度地影响以下几个方面: 1.水体、空气的质量 A.使水体的化学性状及微生物指标发生变化; B.土壤潮湿或沼泽化会使空气湿度增大;使有机物厌氧分解使空气中的有害气体增加。 C.冬季寒冷、夏季炎热,且家畜易发生疾病(感冒及风湿性疾病)

1. Enzymes Are Powerful and Highly Specific Catalysts 2. Free Energy Is a Useful Thermodynamic Function for Understanding Enzymes －热力学 3. Enzymes Accelerate Reactions by Facilitating the Formation of the Transition State －化学 4. The Michaelis-Menten Model Accounts for the Kinetic Properties of Many Enzymes －动力学

第一节 概 述 第二节 药物代谢的酶( E n z y m e s f o r D r u g M e t a bo lism) 第三节 第Ⅰ相的生物转化(PhaseⅠ B iotransformation)

1.Fatty Acids Are Key Constituents of Lipids 脂肪酸是脂质的主要组成成分 2.There Are Three Common Types of Membrane Lipids 3.Phospholipids and Glycolipids Readily Form Bimolecular Sheets in Aqueous Media 4.Proteins Carry Out Most Membrane Processes 5.Lipids and Many Membrane Proteins Diffuse Rapidly in the plane of the Membrane 6.Eukaryotic Cells Contain Compartments Bounded by Internal Membranes

1. Proteins Are Built from a Repertoire of 20 Amino Acids 2. Primary Structure: Amino Acids Are Linked by Peptide Bonds to Form Polypeptide Chains 3. Secondary Structure: Polypeptide Chains Can Fold into Regular Structures Such As the Alpha Helix, the Beta Sheet, and Turns and Loops

4. The Michaelis-Menten Model Accounts for the Kinetic Properties of Many Enzymes －动力学 5. Enzymes Can Be Inhibited by Specific Molecules －抑制作用

Serine proteases : to promote a reaction that is almost immeasurably slow at neutral pH in the absence of a catalyst. 将pH 7.0几乎不发生 的反应(蛋白质水解）进行下去 -Carbonic anhydrases: to achieve a high absolute rate of reaction,suitable for integration with other rapid physiological processes. 加速以与其他快速生理过程融合 -Restriction endonucleases, to attain a high degree of specificity.实现 酶切反应的高度特异性 - NMP kinases: to transfer a phosphoryl group from AT P to a nucleotide and not to water.磷酸基团从ATP转移给另一个核苷酸（而不 会转移到水分子）

1. Allosteric Control 变构控制，别构控制 2. Multiple Forms of Enzymes. Isozymes, or isoenzymes 同功酶 3. Reversible Covalent Modification. 可逆共价修饰 4. Proteolytic Activation. 蛋白酶作用 5. Controlling the Amount of Enzyme Present. 控制酶量

1.Monosaccharides Are Aldehydes or Ketones with Multiple Hydroxyl Groups 寡糖是多羟基醛或多羟基酮 2.Complex Carbohydrates Are Formed by the Linkage of Monosaccharides 3.Carbohydrates Can be Attached to Proteins to Form Glycoproteins 4.Lectins Are Specific Carbohydrate-Binding Proteins

1.A Nucleic Acid Consists of Four Kinds of Bases Linked to a Sugar-Phosphate Backbone 2.A Pair of Nucleic Acid Chains with Complementary Sequences Can Form a Double￾Helical Structure 3.DNA Is Replicated by Polymerases That Take Instructions from Templates