上游充通大学 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Chapter 10: Carbohydrates 糖类 Berg·Tymoczko·Stryer Biochemistry Sixth Edition
Berg • Tymoczko • Stryer Biochemistry Sixth Edition Chapter 10: Carbohydrates 糖类
上游充通大兽 Introduction SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Starch,found in plant-derived food such as pasta(意大利面)，consists of chains of linked glucose molecules.These chains are broken down into individual glucose molecules for eventual (use in the generation of ATP and as building blocks for other molecules
Starch, found in plant-derived food such as pasta (意大利面 ), consists of chains of linked glucose molecules. These chains are broken down into individual glucose molecules for eventual (最终的) use in the generation of ATP and as building blocks for other molecules. Introduction
上游充通大兽 Nucleic acids Glycans SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY 32 saccharides 8 nucleosides 糖类 核苷酸 Deaxyadenoshe,deoxycytldne, deaxyguanoshe,deorythymidne Fucose.galactose.gucose,gucuronic acid,mannose. adenosine,cytldne,guanosine.uridine N-acetygalactosaine.N-acetylgucosarnine,neuraminic acid,xylose nononic acid.octulosonic adld.aratinose.arabinofuranose. coltose,muctose,gaactoruranose,galacturonic acid, gluoolactiic adid,heptose.legionaminic adid,mannuroric adid. N-acetyifucosamine,N-acetyigalacturonc acid, N-acetyimannosamine,N-acetyimannosaTinuronic acid The molecular N-acetyturanlc acid,N-acetyperosarine. N-aDetyiquinovosamine,perosaine, pseudaminic acid,rhamnose,talose building blocks of life. 68 molecules 糖类是构筑生命的 dA dC.0G.dT.rA,rC.rG.rU A R.D.N.C.E.Q.G.H.LLK.M.F.P.S,T.W.Y.V Fuc,GaL Glc,GlcA Man,GaNAC.GIcNAC,NeuAc,Xy 四大类分子之一。 Kdn,Kdo,Ara,Arat,Col,Frc.Galt,GalUA,GlcLA.Hep. Leg,ManLA.FucNAC.GaNACUA.ManNAc,ManNACUA MurNAc,PerNAc,CUNAc,Per.Pse,Rha,Tal Fa,Gl.Gipl,Pk.Pl.Sol,Spl,Stl Upids Proteins Lipids 20 natural amino acids 氨基酸 Alarine,arginine,aspartic acid,asparagne, cysteine.gutaric acid,glutamine. glycine,histidine,Isoleucine,leucine,lysine Fatty acyts.gyoarolipids,glycerophosphollpids. methionine,phenyalanine,proiine,sertne, poyketides,prenol lpids,saccharoilpids. threonine,tryptophan tyrosine,vaine sphingollpids,sterol lpids 8 classified categories Marth JD.Nat Cell Biol.2008 Sep;10(9)1015-6
The molecular building blocks of life. 68 molecules 8 nucleosides 核苷酸 20 natural amino acids 氨基酸 8 classified categories 32 saccharides 糖类 Nucleic acids Glycans Proteins Lipids Marth JD. Nat Cell Biol. 2008 Sep; 10(9) 1015-6 糖类是构筑生命的 四大类分子之一
上游充通大兽 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY 糖类的功能主要分为4种： First,carbohydrates serve as energy stores,fuels,and metabolic intermediates.储存能量 Second,ribose and deoxyribose sugars form part of the structural framework of RNA and DNA.遗传信息的物质基础 Third,polysaccharides are structural elements in the cell walls of bacteria and plants.生物体结构成分 Fourth,carbohydrates are linked to many proteins and lipids 形成糖类及脂类结构修饰，参与细胞通讯、细胞与环境物质的 相互作用等
糖类的功能主要分为4种： First, carbohydrates serve as energy stores, fuels, and metabolic intermediates. 储存能量 Second, ribose and deoxyribose sugars form part of the structural framework of RNA and DNA. 遗传信息的物质基础 Third, polysaccharides are structural elements in the cell walls of bacteria and plants. 生物体结构成分 Fourth, carbohydrates are linked to many proteins and lipids 形成糖类及脂类结构修饰，参与细胞通讯、细胞与环境物质的 相互作用等
上游充通大兽 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Rather than mere infrastructure(基a础设施)components, carbohydrates supply details and enhancements to the biochemical architecture of the cell. 糖类对于细胞的生化构架具有重要影响。生命科学新热点！ Cells of all organisms are coated in a dense and complex coat of carbohydrates.覆盖细胞表面 Secreted proteins are often extensively decorated with carbohydrates essential to a protein's function. 胞外分泌蛋白质有丰富的糖类修饰 The extracellular(细胞外的)matrix in higher eukaryotes is rich in secreted carbohydrates central to cell survival and cell-to-cell communication. 高等真核生物细胞外基质糖类对于细胞存活和通讯具有关键作用
Rather than mere infrastructure (基础设施) components, carbohydrates supply details and enhancements to the biochemical architecture of the cell. 糖类对于细胞的生化构架具有重要影响。生命科学新热点！ • Cells of all organisms are coated in a dense and complex coat of carbohydrates. 覆盖细胞表面 • Secreted proteins are often extensively decorated with carbohydrates essential to a protein’s function. 胞外分泌蛋白质有丰富的糖类修饰 • The extracellular (细胞外的) matrix in higher eukaryotes is rich in secreted carbohydrates central to cell survival and cell-to-cell communication. 高等真核生物细胞外基质糖类对于细胞存活和通讯具有关键作用
上游充通大兽 All Cells Are Coated with "Glycans' SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY DNA>RNA→PROTEIN子CEL3 ORGANISM DNA-RNA-PROTEINS ENZYMES eytopiasm nucleus plasma membrane CARBOHYDRATES CELL GLYCOCONJUGATES 200nn A human lymphocyte(淋巴细胞) ORGANISM LIPIDS Carbohydrates,carbohydrate-containing proteins,and specific carbohydrate-binding proteins are required for interactions that allow cells to form tissues,decide human blood groups,and are used by a variety of pathogens to gain access to their hosts. 器官形成、血型决定、病源侵入
All Cells Are Coated with “Glycans” A human lymphocyte (淋巴细胞) DNARNA PROTEIN CELL ORGANISM Carbohydrates, carbohydrate-containing proteins, and specific carbohydrate-binding proteins are required for interactions that allow cells to form tissues, decide human blood groups, and are used by a variety of pathogens to gain access to their hosts. 器官形成、血型决定、病源侵入………… ? ?
上游充通大兽 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY The realization of the importance of carbohydrates to so many aspects of biochemistry has spawned(孵育出)a field of study called glycobiology (糖生物学) Glycobiology is the study of the synthesis and structure of carbohydrates and how carbohydrates are attached to and recognized by other molecules such as proteins。糖生物学是研究糖类的合成、结构及其与其它生物分 子（如蛋白）结合、识别与相互作用的学科。 A new field comes a new“omics(组学)”to join genomics(基因组学)and proteomics(蛋白质组学)：glycomics(糖组学). Glycomics is the study of the glycome,all of the carbohydrates and carbohydrate associated molecules that cells produce.糖组学研究细胞产生 的所有糖及糖类相关分子。 Like proteome(蛋白质组)，the glycome is not static and can change,. depending on cellular and environmental conditions. 不同细胞、不同环境条件下的糖组是不停变化的
The realization of the importance of carbohydrates to so many aspects of biochemistry has spawned (孵育出) a field of study called glycobiology (糖生物学). Glycobiology is the study of the synthesis and structure of carbohydrates and how carbohydrates are attached to and recognized by other molecules such as proteins。糖生物学是研究糖类的合成、结构及其与其它生物分 子（如蛋白）结合、识别与相互作用的学科。 A new field comes a new “omics (组学)” to join genomics (基因组学) and proteomics(蛋白质组学) : glycomics(糖组学). Glycomics is the study of the glycome, all of the carbohydrates and carbohydrate associated molecules that cells produce. 糖组学研究细胞产生 的所有糖及糖类相关分子。 Like proteome (蛋白质组), the glycome is not static and can change, depending on cellular and environmental conditions. 不同细胞、不同环境条件下的糖组是不停变化的
上游充通大学 OUTLINES SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY 1.Monosaccharides Are Aldehydes or Ketones with Multiple Hydroxyl Groups 2.Complex Carbohydrates Are Formed by the Linkage of Monosaccharides 3.Carbohydrates Can be Attached to Proteins to Form Glycoproteins 4.Lectins Are Specific Carbohydrate-Binding Proteins
OUTLINES 1.Monosaccharides Are Aldehydes or Ketones with Multiple Hydroxyl Groups 2.Complex Carbohydrates Are Formed by the Linkage of Monosaccharides 3.Carbohydrates Can be Attached to Proteins to Form Glycoproteins 4.Lectins Are Specific Carbohydrate-Binding Proteins
上游充通大兽 OUTLINES SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY 1.Monosaccharides Are Aldehydes or Ketones with Multiple Hydroxyl Groups 寡糖是多羟基醛或多羟基酮 2.Complex Carbohydrates Are Formed by the Linkage of Monosaccharides 3.Carbohydrates Can be Attached to Proteins to Form Glycoproteins 4.Lectins Are Specific Carbohydrate-Binding Proteins
OUTLINES 1.Monosaccharides Are Aldehydes or Ketones with Multiple Hydroxyl Groups 寡糖是多羟基醛或多羟基酮 2.Complex Carbohydrates Are Formed by the Linkage of Monosaccharides 3.Carbohydrates Can be Attached to Proteins to Form Glycoproteins 4.Lectins Are Specific Carbohydrate-Binding Proteins
上游充通大兽 1.Monosaccharides Are Aldehydes or SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Ketones with Multiple Hydroxyl Groups Monosaccharides(单搪)，the simplest carbohydrates,are aldehydes( or ketones (that have two or more hydroxyl groups;the empirical formula of many monosaccharides is carbon hydrate(CH2O)n 单糖是最简单的糖类，化学上看是多羟基醛或多羟基酮。 The smallest monosaccharides,for which n =3(trioses),are dihydroxyacetone(二羟基丙酮)andD-andL-glyceraldehyde(甘油醛). 二羟基丙酮和甘油醛是最简单的单糖。 HO HO HO HO Dihydroxyacetone D-Glyceraldehyde L-Glyceraldehyde (a ketose) (an aldose) (an aldose) Monosaccharides with a keto group are ketoses(酮糖)，and those with a aldehyde group are aldoses(醛糖)
Monosaccharides （单糖）, the simplest carbohydrates, are aldehydes ( 醛) or ketones (酮) that have two or more hydroxyl groups; the empirical (经 验的) formula of many monosaccharides is carbon hydrate (CH2O)n. 单糖是最简单的糖类，化学上看是多羟基醛或多羟基酮。 The smallest monosaccharides, for which n = 3 (trioses), are dihydroxyacetone (二羟基丙酮) and D-and L-glyceraldehyde (甘油醛). 二羟基丙酮和甘油醛是最简单的单糖。 1. Monosaccharides Are Aldehydes or Ketones with Multiple Hydroxyl Groups Monosaccharides with a keto group are ketoses (酮糖), and those with a aldehyde group are aldoses（醛糖）