一、喉及喉以下呼吸道任何部位的出血，经口排出 二、与口腔、鼻、咽部出血鉴别 三、上消化道出血引起的呕血鉴别

一、感到空气不足、呼吸费力。 二、呼吸运动用力，重者鼻翼扇动、张口耸肩，甚至出现发绀，呼吸辅助肌也参与活动。 三、伴有呼吸频率、深度与节律的异常

Introduction Palpitation is an unpleasant awareness of the heart beating, Not necessary associated with organic heart disease. Mechanism Heart contractility: Augmentation Heart rhythm: Regular Irregular Heart rate: Normal fast or slow

发绀（紫绀）→血液中还原血红蛋白增多→皮肤、粘膜呈青紫色

编写病历的基本要求 1.内容要真实 2.格式要规范 3.描述要精炼,用词要恰当 4.填写要全面,字迹要清晰

一、血尿(Hematuria 二、尿频、尿急、尿痛 三、尿失禁 四、尿潴留 五、少尿与多尿

CONTENT Definition of hematuria Etiology Clinical feature Differential diagnosis Laboratory tests Accompanied symptoms

Definition A clinical apparent increase inthe interstitial fluid volume. Distribution: localgeneral Special form: asciteshydrothorax

CONTENT Definition Etiology and clinical appearance Accompanied symptoms Approach to the patient

CONTENT Definition Etiology and clinical appearance Accompanied symptoms Approach to the patient