序 顾名思义,这本数十万字的《环境监测人员守则》,对象是我国环境监测工作人 员 我国环境监测应环境监督管理的需要而产生,随着环境监督管理的深人而发展, 也随着环境监督管理的强化而提高。环境监测,作为环境管理的“耳日”、“哨兵”、“基 础”,其本质是环境监督管理的重要组成部分,与环境监督管理的主要职能紧密相 连。离开环境监测,环境监督管理就要落空。 我国的环境监测队伍,是坚守环境保护前沿阵地的队伍。提高这支队伍的业务素 质和战斗力,对十环境保护的全局具有十分重要的意义。《环境监测人员守则》的出 版,就是为了提高环境监测队伍的素质,提高工作质量和效能,更好地为环境监督管 理服务,为经济建设服务。经过“七五”期间的努力,以监测站点网络化、采样布点规 范化、分析方法标准化、数据处理计算机化、质量保证系统化等“五化”为主要内容的 监测技术路线业已形成,并日趋成熟,增强了为环境监督管理服务的能力

位列议会审议厅的先生们可以向共和国的当轴诸公直接进言，但身居草野、没有这种机会的人，如果看到有什么可以促进公益的事情，便只能笔之于书了。我想他们在开始这一不平常的举动时，内心的变化和激动，自然是不小的：有些人怀疑它的结果，另一些人则顾虑将受到某种责难；有些人抱着希望，另一些人则对自己所说的深信不疑。至于我呢，过去由于论述的题目不同③，这些心情中的每一种都可能在不同的时候对我发生过不同的影响；在目前这一篇前言中，也可能流露出某种心情对我影响最大；但我在写出这篇演说，同时又想起我所呼吁的人时，便使我内心的支配力量产生了热情

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Part I Introduction 1 Keys to new product success and failure. 1.1 Food products-the basis of innovation 1.2 Measures of product success and failure 1.3 Key factors in product success . 1.4 Product development process: the basis for success

Product development has been a major activity in the food industry for over 40 years, but only gradually has it developed as a strategic business area and also as an advanced technology. For a long time it was essentially a craft, loosely related to the research and engineering areas in the company. The pressures for product development came very strongly from the needs of the growing supermarkets for a constantly changing, extensive mix of products and for continuous price promotions. So there was the drive for product difference

First published 2001, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC 2001, Woodhead Publishing Limited The authors have asserted their moral rights This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publishers cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials. Neither the authors nor the publishers, nor anyone

The four basic stages in the PD Process are the same for all food product development, but there are significant differences in the activities, techniques and timings for new product development in the primary production, industrial food processing, and food manufacturing industries Primary production's product development is based on either a breeding process from cultivated varieties or capturing a new species from the wild. The development of new plants, animals and fish takes a great deal of time and depends on times of growing and harvesting There can be a general product concept based on perceived consumer or industrial wants and needs

Consumers are the centre of product development in the food industry, directly in the design of consumer products and indirectly in the design of commodity products and industrial products. In industrial product development, the emphasis is on the immediate customer, but consideration needs to be given to the acceptance of the final product by the consumer. It is important in product development to understand basic consumer behaviour and food choice as well as the individual product/consumer relationship(Earle, 1997). Differences among

Product development does not occur in isolation as a separate functional activity. It is a company philosophy, a basic company strategy and a multifunctional company activity. In recent years to show this all-encompassing basis, bringing together product, process, marketing and organisational innovations, there has been development of an overall innovation strategy. This innovation strategy is related to the company's overall business aims and strategy, as well as the social, economic and technological environment, and the company's own knowledge and skills. The business strategy also includes a duct strategy outlining the products of the future. The combination of the innovation and product strategies is the basis for the product development strategy, and from this can be developed

The PD Process coordinates the specific research activities such as product design, process development, engineering plant design, marketing strategy and desig with the aim of producing an integrated approach to the development of new products. The overall aim is to create a product that an individual consumer or a food manufacturing company or food service organisation will buy. The two parts of product development-the knowledge of the consumer's needs/wants and the knowledge of modern scientific discoveries and technological