CONTENTS Unle TopIcs Functional items Talking about scientific jobs Great sientists How to organize scientific research Desenbing people Contributions of scientists (appearance, charactenstics P1 Language difficulties in 2 The United Countries of the United Kingdom communication Union Jack Space: position, direction P9 Famous sites in London and distance Life in the future Prediction of the good and bad changes in the future Mak P17 Life in the future d Making the news The basic procedure of making the news Newspapers and TV programmes Making appointments P25 First aid First aid Safety in the home Medication Notes to the texts P76 Grammar P88 ppenGlc86 Words and expressions in each unit P91 canular P97
Reading Wiriting John Snow defeats"King Cholera Past Participle(1)as the Copemicus' revolutionary theory Persuasive writing: letter P41 tribute and Predicative Finding the solution Past Participle(2)as the Puzzles in geography Non-chronological P48 ject Complement Sightseeing in London A particular British celebration report: towns gui he Past Participle (3)as First impressions Imaginative writing life in the future P55 Adverbial and Attribut I have seen amazing things Rising to a challenge My first work assignme Vension Getting the"scoop Non-chronological writing: newspaper article P62 Searching for the truth First aid for burns Instructional writing Heroic teenager receives award first aid instructions for P69 Is your home safe? regular verbs P10年 hanges in international phonetic symbols for English P108
Unit Greet scientists Warming Up What do you know about great scientis f -ey Try this quiz and find out who knows the Quiz Questions Answer I Which scientist discovered that objects in water are lifted up by a force hat helps them float? 2 Who wrote a book explaining how animals and plants developed as the environment changed? Who invented the first steam engine? 4 Who used peas to show how physical characteristics are passed from parents to their children? Who discovered radium? 6 Who invented the way of giving electricity to everybody in large cities? 7 Who was the painter that studied dead bodies to improve his painting of people? 8 Who invented a lamp to keep miners safe underground 9 Who invented the earliest instrument to tell people where earthquakes happened? 10 Who put forward a theory about black holes? Pre-reading I What do you know about infectious diseases? What do you know about cholera? stages in examining a new scientific idea. What order would you put them in? I groups the 2 Do you know how to prove a new idea in scientific research? Discuss in sma Draw a conclusion Think of a method Collect results Make up a question Find a problem Analyse the results Repeat if necessar After reading the following passage, put the correct stages into the reading about research into a disease
Unit 1 Great scientists Reading e JOHN SNOW DEFEATS"KING CHOLERA John Snow was a well-known doctor in London-so famous. indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria to ease the birth of her babies, But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera This was the most deadly disease of its day. Neither its cause, nor its cure was understood. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to use his knowledge to help solve this problem. He knew it would never be controlled until its cause was found He got interested in two theories explaining how cholera killed people The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air without reason. a cloud of dangerous gas would float around until it found its victims. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease attacked the body quickly and soon the affected person was dead. He believed in the second theory but needed to prove he was correct. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, John Snow was ready to test these two theories As the disease spread quickly through the poor neighbourhoods, John Snow began to gather the information. He found that in two particular streets. the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people had died in 10 days He determined to find out why. He marked on a map where all the dead people had lived. Here it is: 1-可 The map gave a valuable clue about the lal良l cause of the disease. Many of the deaths BROAD STREET ELl were near the water pump in BroadStreet ÷首=l1 (especially numbers 16, 37 38 and 40 E[自cms20md21Bad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He discovered that these families worked in the pub at 出山上,巴当 7Cambridge Street. They were given free beer and so had not drunk the Note:-: I death PH: public house 30 31,. numbers of houses water from the Broad Street pump. It seemed the water was to blame Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. He found that it came from the river, which had been polluted by the dirty water from London. Immediately John Snow told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the water pump so it could not be used 2
Unit 1 Great scientists Soon the disease began to slow down. John Snow had shown that cholera was spread by germs nd not in a cloud of gas. In addition, he found two other deaths in another part of London that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water so much that she had had it delivered from the pump to her house every day. Both she and her daughter, who often visited her, died of cholera after drinking the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the disease To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all water supplies be examined and new methods of dealing with polluted water be found. The water companies were also instructed not to expose people to polluted water anymore. Finally"King Cholera"was defeated Comprehending 1 Fill in the chart after reading the passage Scientific Report by John Snow The problem Idea l cause The method The results Idea I or 2? Why? The conclusion 2 Read the passage again and answer these questions I Cholera was a 19th century disease. What disease do you think is similar to cholera today Why? 2 John Snow believed Idea 2 was right. How did he finally prove it? 3 Do you think John Snow would have solved this problem without the map? Give a reason 3 Choose one of the paragraphs of the passage. Read it aloud fluently to show that you understand it very well
Learning about Language Discovering usefu/ words and expressions 1 Choose the correct words or expressions to complete this passage instruct anno look into put forward immediately Li Heping was a famous football player, but his career came to an end when he became very ill The doctor him but could not find the cause of this illness. He the theory that Li Heping had been to a new virus. He knew he would not be able to but promised he would the possibility of finding one in the future. Sadly, Li Heping that he would take up a new career to footballers in planning for their future. At his last match he thanked his fans for their support and concluded by singing the popular song: "Thanks for the memory 2 Sometimes in English we put the verb make with a noun instead of using a simple verb; for example, make a mistake instead of to mistake. Look at these simple verb and make another construction using make +a+ noun. Add two more of your own to telephone to decide to plan tocontribute to be noisy to change to desc 3 In English verbs like make are very active and useful. Apart from the construction mentioned above, you have also learned the following phrases. Can you make sentences with each of them? make a face friends make money phone calls make sure make up one's mind make the bed make room for Discovering useful structures 1 Look at the following sentences where the past participle is used EXAMPLE: So many thousands of terrified people died.(Attribute) Now find two more examples in the reading passage 4
Unit 1 Great scientists EXAMPLE: But he became inspired when he thought about helping orinary people.(Predicative Now find two more examples in the reading passage. 2 Complete the table with phrases that have the same meaning. Past Participle as the Attribute Past Participle as the Predicative I terrified people 2 reserved seats 3 polluted water 4 a crowded room a pleased winner 6 6 children who look astonished 7 a vase that is broken 8 a door that is closed 9 9 the audience who feel tired 10 an animal that is trapped 3 Complete the sentences using the past participle as the predicative. I He got about losing the money. 2 Why do you always look so Do you sleep well these days? 3 Iwas with the film I saw last night. I had expected it to be better. 4 Everybody was to hear the death of the famous film star 5 The children are really about going to the zoo 6 His wound became with a new virus a6enBue7 buis Listening and speaking Qian Xuesen is one of the best-known scientists in China. His work has been very important for the development of China. Yu Ping is telling her friend Steve Smith about Qian xuesen life. Listen to the tape and then answer the questions 5
Unit 1 Great scientists I What did Qian Xuesen study first? What experience did he get in America that was very useful for China? 3 What was Qian Xuesen's achievement when he returned to China from America? 4 How has he been honoured in China? 5 How would Steve honour him? 2 In pairs discuss what scientific job each of you would like to choose in the future These questions may help you What job do you want to do? What education will you need? What personality will be needed? How long will the training take? What work experience would be useful? How will you prepare for this career? These expressions may help y always wanted to…. because… The experience I will need is. I might find it difficult to I need to practise… My greatest problem will be to I will need to be /become patient, creative, hard-working, co-operative, confident, brave positive, pleasant, polite, determined, energetic, strict with Reading and writing coPERNICUS' REVOLUTIONARY THEORY Nicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his mind was confused. Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea. They believed God had made the world and for that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of the solar system The problem arose because astronomers had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed to stop move backward and then go forward in a loop. Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at
Unit 1 Great scientists others. This was very strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets went round it Copernicus had thought long and hard about these problems and tried to find an answer. He had collected observations of the stars and used all his mathematical knowledge to explain them. But only his new theory could do that. So between 1510 and 15 4 he worked on it. gradually improving his theory until he felt it was complete In 1514 he showed it privately to his friends. The changes he made to the old theory were revolutionary. He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth. He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went round the sun and this explained changes in the movement of the planet and in the brightness of the stars. His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious. He did not want to be attacked by the Christian Church, so he only published it as he lay dying in 1543. Certainly he was right to be careful. The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying it was against Gods idea and people who supported it would be attacked Yet Copernicus theory is now the base on which all our ideas of the universe are built. His theory replaced the Christian idea ol gravity, which said things fell to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the universe. Copernicus showed this was obviously wrong. Now people can see that there is a direct link between his ideas and the work of Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking 1 Use the reading to help you draw the two theories of the universe Before Copernicus'theory Showing Copernicus theory 2 If you were Nicolaus Copernicus, would you have hidden your theory for so many years? Give a reason 3 Now write a short letter asking Copernicus to publish his ideas so everyone can read them First you need to collect your ideas. For example: e He believes his new theory is true. o There are problems with the present theory
Unit 1 Great scientists o He has done many years of observations to prove his new theory is true e Science can not develop unless people publish their ideas o Time will show if his theory is true or not Here is a pla Beginning: Tell Copernicus who you are and why you want him to publish his ideas Paragraph 1: Reason I and evidence Paragraph 2: Reason 2 and evidence. Summing up: Ask him to think again about publishing his ideas SUMMING LIP Think about what you have read and practised in this unit Then tick the boxes I have learned I need to learn this wc morc I have learned about o the stages in how john Snow carried out the first experiment in public health care how to use the past participle as attribute ond predicative the importance of Qian Xuesen ro space travel in Chino the importance of Copernicus for the development of astronomy in Europe LEARNING TIP Persuasive writing is about changing somebody else's point of view. When you are doing this kind of writing, you must always have some evidence to support your idea. To make this easier, you can hold discussions with your family and friends. Give your ideas and reasons to them whenever you are making choices You may argue with them and try to persuade them. Then you will find it easier to do your persuasive writing However, when you are writing, do not forget to plan your work and put your ideas in a logical order