致同学 Welcome to GRAMMAR TOOLS FOR LIFE! 《高中美语语法与词汇》 GRAMMAR TOOLS FOR LIFE是高中英语选修课(语言知 识与技能类)的一种。教材依据《普通高中美语课程标准》(实验)的语法和词汇目标编 写,全面覆盖了课程标准中要求掌握的词汇和语法内容,注重语法和词汇知识在具体语 境中的实际应用。目的是帮助高中生在词汇和语法学习方面得到更系统的训练,为学有 余力的同学进一步提高语言运用能力提供有益的指导。 本教材的每个单元由四个部分组成:(1)语言目标与课文;(2)功能语法要点(包 括指导语、典型语段和 Word Tool Box);(3)练习( Exercises);(4)自我评价(Slf- assessment)。为了更好地使用教材中的资源,同学们应当首先了解一下本教材的几个突 出特点: 生活意义先行 跟大家熟悉的一般语法书不同,本书采用功能语法的基本思路和分类体系,更注重 形式、意义和应用的三位一体。我们根据语言的功能,把学习内容分成14个板块:确认 人和物,确认谈论中的人和物,具体描述人和物,数字与数量,谈论行动,描述状态,行 动与时间关系,行动与空间关系,感官效果,情感表达,态度与判断,影响他人(命令, 建议,质疑等)以及意义的组合。同学们在学习中应随时注意把语言主线和生活主线结 合起来。 二、词汇语法一体 本教材的另一个突出特点是融词汇和语法于一炉。语法学习不是记忆死板的规则, 而是掌握特定词语在实际应用中的结构特征。为了便于大家逐步掌揖词语的实际用法, 我们把课程标准所要求的重点词语依据其本身的意义和用法,按句法属性分别安排在14 个语法单元中。 三、知行自主统 语法也同样需要自主学习,行而知之。语法学习在外语学习中具有独特的价值,有 效的语法学习对确保语言运用的准确性和提高外语学习的效率都大有帮助。怎样才能学 好语法呢?这里我们要特别提醒同学们:首先,学语法不能只注意形式,而要把语言的 结构和它的功能,把语法形式和它所表达的意义结合起来。其次,要注意语法规则的相 对性和系统性,因为任何规则都有其适用的前提,同时又处于各种层次系统中,离开了 这些前提和系统,规则就失去意义了。同时,语法规则要结合语境来运用,活的语法学 习应当是密切结合实际生活的活动,语法手段( grammar tools)要源于生活,用于生活。 这就是本书英文名称 GRAMMAR TOOLS FOR LIFE的内在含义,也是功能语法的基本 主张。总之,学语法要活学活用,学用结合 Now, let's enjoy GRAMMAR TOOLS FOR LIFE! 编者2006年8月
CONTENTS Unit 1 IDENTIFY PEOPLE AND THINGS 2 Unit 2 IDENTIFY WHATYOU ARE TALKING ABOUT 10 Unit 3 ADD MORE INFORMATION 18 Unit 4 NUMBERS AND QUANTTTIES 26 Unit 5 ACTION AND STATE (I) 34 Unit 6 ACTION AND STATE(I) 42 Unit 7 TIME AND ACTION 50 Unit& SPACE AND LOCATION 58 Unit 9 EXPRESS SENSES AND FEELINGS Unit 10 EXPRESS JUDGEMENT AND ATTITUDE 74 Unit 11 DELIVER MESSAGES IN DIFFERENT WAYS(I) 82 Unit 12 DELIVER MESSAGES IN DIFFERENT WAYS(I) 90 Unit 13 COMBINE SENTENCES 98 Unit 14 MORE WAYS TO COMBINE SENTENCES 106
UNIT 2 IDENTIFY WHAT YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT Objectives Learn how to identify what you are talking about Learn how to refer to people and things using articles Learm how to refer to people and things using pronouns Listening and reading =po) Most examinations are considered to be very important in China. There are hundreds of examinations held every year and millions of people take part in them. Almost all students are taught from an early age to understand the nature of examinations. It is true that some students can pass an examination more easily than others, although it doesn't necessarily mean that they are better with their stud than others Quite a few students are afraid of examinations though they master what they learnt very well. Sometimes the fear of examinations is caused by pressure. Some pressure bs good for students as it can help the students to try harder and it will make some of the school work more challenging and exciting. But too much pressure may cause stress and even cause disease. And that will not help a student pass the examination. Nostudent succeeds without hard work. If one spends little time working on their lessons every day. they cannot expect a good result at the end of the term. Developing study skills can help every student to learn better and pass examinations easlly if they understand the lessons and the work involved Think and answer 1. Can anyone pass all examinations in his/her life? 2. Do you know anyone who has failed every examination in his/her life? 3. Do you study hard for examinations? If not, what do you study hard for? 4. Why do we need examinations? 5. What kind of students are"good students?
Structures in Use Word Tool Box 物主代词和名词所有格可以修饰名词词组以下用N代表》,表示所属关系 Running is very popular as a sport and as a way of keeping fit. Even if you only run a short distance once or twice a week. you need to make sure you wear good shoes, First of all, decide how much you want to spend on your shoes. Then, fnd a pair which fits you well. Be prepared th to try different sizes and different types of shoes. Women's shoes are made narrower than mens and. although most women will find women's shoes Tomis which suit them. there is no reason why a woman cant wear a man's a manis a woman's shoes. The same is true for men- if women's shoes fit you better, just my mothers wear them. Take your time in the shop. If you make a mistake and buy my teachers the wrong shoes, your feet will let you know very soon Focus Two NP前面可以用冠词修饰.用定冠词修饰的NP一般是特指的.用不定冠词 Word Tool Box 修饰的NP一般是泛指的 a university a book Our Plants Last week, our class planted some beans in an ice cream pot to watch a seed the seed them grow. We watered the seeds and then we put a plastic bag over a garden the garden them to keep them nice and wet. After that we put the pot out on the the pot window sill in the sun. About five days later, we saw that some of the seeds were beginning to grow. In a couple of days. the plants had started to sprout some leaves. Then we dug a small garden outside our classroom the earth the moon and planted the seedlings so that we could watch them grow bigger the star the sun Focus Three Word Tool Box 有时候NP前面既不用定冠词也不用不定冠词。这种现象我们可以说NP是 被“零冠词(4}修饰 by◆bus The Tiger The tiger is the largest of the big cats. Its home is in Asia by◆ plane sTigers hunt alone at night. This is diferent from lions who often hunt goto◆ church in中 groups.中 Tigers prey on中der.◆ cattle and中pgs.only中 old and 9oto◆ school sick tigers will attack people. The tiger's stripes camouflage it in the ome back from中work long grass. Unlike some other cats, tigers like water to bathe in 中 Carbon in◆ Carbon is a chemical element. All living things contain some form of+ carbon. If you hold a plate above a flame, a black deposit of carbon forms underneath it. Both◆ charcoal and◆ coke are forms of中 carbon
Focus Four Word Tool Box 不定代词修饰NP时,意义丰富,区别细微.需要特别仔细地理解和体会 My aunt bought a white cat last month. This month she bought another both neither brown one. I named the white one Mimi and the brown one Huang-huang. either each Then my best friend Kenny came to see me the other day. He said h liked both cats very much and he begged me to give him either one as a most other Christmas gift. At last. I dedded to give him Huang-huang. After a few another the other days, Kenny came again. This time he asked for the other cat, Mimi. I was others o surprised that I couldn t help shouting at him. "How can you take away both my lowely pets from me? Aren't we good friends?"Yes, said enny. " But Mimi and Huang-huang are also good friends. They need to live and play together every day! Focus Five 不可数名词有各种不同的量化表达形式 Word Tool Box Salesman: Good morning. Can I help you? some Customer: I want some milk and orange juice. Do you have any milk or orange juice? lot of Salesman: Yes, we have plenty of milk but only alittle orange juice. How plenty of a little much do you want? little Customer: Five bottles of milk and a bottle of orange juice. How much is much of Salesman: That's twenty-six yuan. Anything else? Customer: Thats all I want. Thanks Salesman: You are welcome Focus Six 可数名词前面可以使用不确切的数量表达用语 Word Tool Box Last weekend, I went tovisit the Beijing Zoo with a few friends. The Beijing some Zoo is one of the biggest zoos in China. It was initially named Ten Thousand Animal Garden when it was built in 1908. The zoo was originally many the imperial manor during the Ming Dynasty. Alot of plants were a lot of cultivated and a great number of animals were raised there during the lots of Qing Dynasty. After the liberation, it was rebuilt and was known as the fe West Suburb Park. In 1955. the name was changed to the Beljing Zoo. The a few a number of Beijing Zoo mainly exhibits wild and rare animals living in China, such a total of s the pandas and the golden monkeys. It also boasts of mary rare animals from all around the world, such as white bears from the north pole kangaroos from Australia and zebras from Africa
指示代词的功能也是特指.但它们有更为明确的指向特指哪一个 Word Tool Box 或“哪一些 Mike: Tell me exactly what you are looking for ane: Im not sure. I like this coat, but not that hat. Mike: These coats are OK. But those hats are definitely not cool these Jane: What about this pair of leather boots those Mike: Oh, no! This pair of boots will not go with that coat. Jane: I must decide what to buy before I leave the store Mike: What about asking this shop assistant Jane: She is busy. I'll ask that one. I think. Oh, look! These are just the boots I want! Focus Eight Word Tool Box 数词也是常用于限定NP的词类.它们可以准确地表达NP的数量 The pressure at the centre of a tornado is usually 13 pounds per square inch. However, inside the house, the air pressure is normal. about 15 eleven twenty pounds per square inch. The difference of 2 pounds per square inch nty-one between the inside and outside pressure may not seem like much. But suppose a tornado passes over a small building that measures 20 by 10 by thousand 10feet. On each square inch of the building. there is 2 pounds of pressure from the inside that is not balanced by the air pressure outside the building billion On the ceiling, that adds up to an unbalanced pressure of 57. 600 pounds The pressure of the four walls adds up to 172800 pounds. The huge inside the first pressure may cause the building to burst if the windows are shut tightly. he second the third Focus Nine 疑问词或疑问词语的一个重要功能是引出特殊疑问句 Salesman: What can I do for you? Word Tool Box Customer: Id like some potatoes Salesman: How many do you need? whose Customer: How much are they? what which Salesman: Three yuan a kilo Customer: Two kilos, please. And what's that over there? how many how much Salesman: Oh, It's a kind of cucumber. It's very tasty. Why not try some? Customer: How much is it? Salesman: Six yuan a kilo Customer: That's too expensive
Exercises 1. Fill in the missing words. One morning, man was sitting having his breakfast and looked up from his eggs and bacon to see a pink rabbit eating flowers in his garden, The man rushed up to the bedroom where wife was leeping. He woke up, more in panic than anything else, to say that he had seen a pink rabbit in garden. His wife opened one eye and sald, That's what get for drinking four beers and two glasses of whiskey last night!" His only reply was, "But I did ②③④⑤⑤m8 see it and I only had few glasses of whiskey!" His wife's reply to thbs was, "You will be seeing stars soon, if don' t get out of here 2. Fill in the missing words Last week Mr Lee gave us beans and he want us to plant them in ice cream pots to watch them grow. We watered the beans and then we put plastic bags over them to keep them nice and wet. After that we put pot in the window sill in sun. About five days later, we saw that some of beans were beginning to grow. In a couple of days plants had started to sprout some leaves, Then we ②③④⑤⑤⑦ dug small garden outside our classroom and planted the seedling so that we could watch them grow bigger 3. Find the errors in the passage and correct them. Running is now very popular both as sport and as a way of keeping fit. When you run, you need to make sure you wear good shoes. There is a lot of choice nowadays in running shoes First of all, decide how much you want to spend on their shoes Then find pair which fits you well. Be prepared to try different size in different types of shoes. Women's shoes are made narrower than men and, although most women will find a woman shoe which suits them, there is no reason why ①②③④⑤⑥⑦89 a woman cant wear a man shoe. The same is true for a man-if a woman shoe fits you better, then wear it Take a time in the shop. If you make a mistake and buy (10) he wrong shoes, your feet will let you know very soon 4. Fill in the blanks using anybody / somebody /nobody /everybody or anything / something (1)-ls is absent
(2)-That's the end of my speech. Do you have to ask? No Thank you! 3)-Hello, boys and girls. In this lesson we re going to learn one of Lu Xuns famous short stories. Can you tell me about Lu xun? you know about Lu Xun will do (4)-There is a log cabin ahead. Go to see if there is inside -It's empty, Sir. There is and (5) You may cheat all the time. You may cheat some time. But you cannot cheat all the time ( 6)Everybody knows knows more than others. But knows in the world 5. Fill in the blanks with one, some, any, it, or them (1) My English teacher gives homework every day, but she doesn't give us on the weekends (2) We have many science books in our club. Do you have ()I do not have problems with my maths study, but my roommate has (4)You will not need paper in listening classes but we will need in art classes (5)I went to the library to look for reference books but I couldnt find (6)If you have questions, please let me know. You can come to my office at Grammar in Use You have a lovely dog. Her name is Mary. Lisa has a naughty dog. His name is Jack. John has a dog with long hair. Her name is Nancy. The three dogs meet in the park every morning, Look at the photos of the three dogs and describe them Jack
SELF-ASSESSMENT Choose the right answer. 1.-ls No, Mike and John have left B C D. nobody 2. Professor Li handed out the textbooks to all the students except- who had already got A. those B D. the others 3.- Shall we go to the restaurant to have lunch, Tom? No we can t eat there because of us has noney A. all. no B. none, no C none, any D. no one, any 4. I agree with most of what the lecturer said, but I dont agree with he sald A. everything 5. His salary as a salesman is much larger A. that of a teacher B than one of a teacher C, than that of a teacher D. than a teacher 6.- Are there any football tickets left? Sorry. There are A. a few, some B. few, any C. some, few D any. some 7. The Changjiang River is longer than- river in China A. other B C D. any other 8.-I am a bit hungry, Mum. - Why don't you have bread and butter? B C. little D 9.- Excuse me, can you tell me who is the headmaster in this crowd? -The man you see there with a book in his hand is Mr robert, our headmaster A. no other but B not other than C. no one D, none other than 10.-What's the matter with you? m not quite I have a terrible headache Why is that? I washed my hair with cold water this morning, and caught a cold B himself D. mine
11. Of the three workers. one is from China, and are from Japan. A, other two B the other two C. two others D. others Grammar in Use People from different parts of the world come to Beijing to visit the famous Chinese palace, the Forbidden City. You are asked to write a brief introduction to this ancient 1. Look at the photos and note the main ideas you should write. Remember to use determiners, demonstratives, quantities and, if possible, numbers in your introduction THE MAIN IDEAS Events that happened in the palace 区 Stories about the people who used to live in the. People who worked in Cultural objects on show 2. Think and write. Word limit: 100-150) A Brief Introduction to the Forbidden City