抗生素的生产 概述 抗生素的分类 抗生素的应用 半合成抗生素 青霉素的生产和提取工艺
抗生素的生产 概述 抗生素的分类 抗生素的应用 半合成抗生素 青霉素的生产和提取工艺
抗生素的生产 定义：是生物在其生命过程中产生的，并在低浓度下 有选择性地抑制或杀灭其它微生物或肿瘤细胞的有机 物质。Microbial Products,effective at low concentrations,which have the ability to kill or inhibit the growth of certain micro-organisms. History: 19世纪70年代，法国Pasteur,发现有些微生物可以抑制 炭疽杆菌，提出了利用微生物抑制另一种微生物的现 象来治疗一些感染性疾病。1928年， 概述
抗生素的生产 定义：是生物在其生命过程中产生的，并在低浓度下 有选择性地抑制或杀灭其它微生物或肿瘤细胞的有机 物质。Microbial Products,effective at low concentrations,which have the ability to kill or inhibit the growth of certain micro-organisms. History: 19世纪70年代，法国Pasteur,发现有些微生物可以抑制 炭疽杆菌，提出了利用微生物抑制另一种微生物的现 象来治疗一些感染性疾病。1928年， 概述
In 1928 Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming reported the antibacterial action of cultures of a Penicillium species He observed that Penicillium notatum killed some of his Staph. aureus culture dishes Discovery by accident? Culture dishes contaminated when left out for two weeks while Fleming was on holiday, instead of being incubated
In 1928 Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming reported the antibacterial action of cultures of a Penicillium species He observed that Penicillium notatum killed some of his Staph. aureus culture dishes Discovery by accident? Culture dishes contaminated when left out for two weeks while Fleming was on holiday, instead of being incubated
Fleming noticed that the substance secreted was an inhibitor of many bacterial species He published a paper on the active ingredient which he called ‘penicillin’. This was the first demonstration that a substance produced by micro-org’s could inhibit or kill other microbes Fleming could not isolate penicillin. 10 yrs later scientists Florey and Chain successfully isolated penicillin. 1943-1945，scale-up production of pencillium. By 1945,enough penicillin was produced to treat 7 million per year
Fleming noticed that the substance secreted was an inhibitor of many bacterial species He published a paper on the active ingredient which he called ‘penicillin’. This was the first demonstration that a substance produced by micro-org’s could inhibit or kill other microbes Fleming could not isolate penicillin. 10 yrs later scientists Florey and Chain successfully isolated penicillin. 1943-1945，scale-up production of pencillium. By 1945,enough penicillin was produced to treat 7 million per year
Discoverer of penicillin Born into a farming family in Scotland, moved to London at 13 Awarded Scholarship to study medicine Alexander Fleming
Discoverer of penicillin Born into a farming family in Scotland, moved to London at 13 Awarded Scholarship to study medicine Alexander Fleming
Zone of Inhibition This picture illustrates the effect of penicillin on a fungus. Note the clear ring of inhibition. It was this observation which initiated Fleming’s further studies
Zone of Inhibition This picture illustrates the effect of penicillin on a fungus. Note the clear ring of inhibition. It was this observation which initiated Fleming’s further studies
Howard Florey Australian-born Studied Science & Medicine in Adelaide Awarded Scholarship at Oxford University Returned to England to complete a PhD
Howard Florey Australian-born Studied Science & Medicine in Adelaide Awarded Scholarship at Oxford University Returned to England to complete a PhD
Ernst Chain Of Russian- German descent Graduated in Chemistry and Physiology Left Berlin when Nazi’s came to power Hired by Florey to work on penicillin project
Ernst Chain Of Russian- German descent Graduated in Chemistry and Physiology Left Berlin when Nazi’s came to power Hired by Florey to work on penicillin project
到目前为止，有8000多种抗生素，2/3是 由放线菌（strepomyces）产生的，并 通过化学结构的改造，总共有3万多种半 合成抗生素，它们的分子量为100-1200， 普遍应用的包括半合成和盐类的抗生素 有350多种，其中以青霉素、头孢霉素、 四环素类、氨基糖苷类和大环内脂类
到目前为止，有8000多种抗生素，2/3是 由放线菌（strepomyces）产生的，并 通过化学结构的改造，总共有3万多种半 合成抗生素，它们的分子量为100-1200， 普遍应用的包括半合成和盐类的抗生素 有350多种，其中以青霉素、头孢霉素、 四环素类、氨基糖苷类和大环内脂类
主要抗生素的使用量（Harvey, 1998) 抗生素种类 用量 (kg/year) 动物1996 人类 1997/1998 头孢类 四环类 氨基糖类 大环内酯类 121,603 323,151 37,058 71,222 314,498 47,500 5,409 47,696
主要抗生素的使用量（Harvey, 1998) 抗生素种类 用量 (kg/year) 动物1996 人类 1997/1998 头孢类 四环类 氨基糖类 大环内酯类 121,603 323,151 37,058 71,222 314,498 47,500 5,409 47,696