揚州大学Chapter 10. Nervous SystemAll figures are from internet, textbooks and papers, all rights reserved to the originalauthors
Chapter 10. Nervous System All figures are from internet, textbooks and papers, all rights reserved to the original authors
ParietalCeritralobeulcusOutlineOocipitalotyOverview of the Nervous SystemStructure.andFunctionofNeuronsSynapsesControl of Body MovementAutonomic Nervous SystemtrmsrootHigher Function of Nervous SystemDors
Outline • Overview of the Nervous System • Structure and Function of Neurons • Synapses • Control of Body Movement • Autonomic Nervous System • Higher Function of Nervous System
ParietalCeritrallobesulcusOutlineOocipitalloboOverview of the Nervous SystemaStructureandFunctionofNeuronsemoSynapsesControlofBodyMovementAutonomicNervousSystemSpinctasrootHigherFunction of Nervous SystemiDorsalervVer
Outline • Overview of the Nervous System • Structure and Function of Neurons • Synapses • Control of Body Movement • Autonomic Nervous System • Higher Function of Nervous System
Why we study?1. 1906 Golgi, Ramon y Cajal the structure of the nervous systemNobel Prizeon2. 1932 Sherrington, Adrian thefunctionsof neuronsNeuroscience3.1936 Dale,Loewi chemicaltransmission ofnerveimpulses4.1944 Erlanger,Gasser the highlydifferentiatedfunctionsof single nervefibres5.1949 Hess the therapeuticvalue of leucotomy in certain psychoses6.1957 Bovet synthetic compoundson thevascularsystemand theskeletalmuscles7.1963Eccles,Hodgkin,Huxley theionicmechanismsofthenervecell membrane8.1970 Katz,vonEuler,Axelrod thehumoraltransmittors inthe nerve9.1977Guillemin,Schally,Yalowthe peptidehormone productionof the brain,the developmentofradioimmunoassaysof peptidehormones10.1981 Sperry,Hubel,Wieselthefunctionalspecializationofthe cerebralhemispheres,informationprocessinginthevisualsystem11.1991 Neher,Sakmann thefunctionofsingle ion channelsin cells12.2000Carlsson,Greengard,Kandel signaltransduction in the nervoussystem
Why we study? 1. 1906 Golgi , Ramón y Cajal the structure of the nervous system 2. 1932 Sherrington, Adrian the functions of neurons 3. 1936 Dale , Loewi chemical transmission of nerve impulses 4. 1944 Erlanger , Gasser the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres 5. 1949 Hess the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses 6. 1957 Bovet synthetic compounds on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles 7. 1963 Eccles , Hodgkin ,Huxley the ionic mechanisms of the nerve cell membrane 8. 1970 Katz , von Euler , Axelrod the humoral transmittors in the nerve 9. 1977 Guillemin, Schally, Yalow the peptide hormone production of the brain, the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones 10. 1981 Sperry, Hubel, Wiesel the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres, information processing in the visual system 11.1991 Neher , Sakmann the function of single ion channels in cells 12.2000 Carlsson, Greengard, Kandel signal transduction in the nervous system" Nobel Prize on Neuroscience
Why we study?Table1.3 Some Major Disorders of theNervous SystemDISORDERDESCRIPTIONAlzheimer's diseaseA progressive degenerative disease of the brain.characterizedby dementiaand always fatalCerebral palsyA motor disorder caused by damage to the cere-brumatthetimeof birthDepressionA seriousdisorderof mood,characterizedbyinsom-nia.loss of appctite.andfcelings of dcjectionEpilepsyA conditon characterizedbyperiodicdisturbancesofbrain electrical activitythat can leadtoseizuresloss ofconsciousness,andsensorydisturbancesMultiple sclerosisAprogressive disease that affects nerve conduction,characterizedby episodes of weakness,lack ofcoordination,and speechdisturbanceParkinson's diseaseA progressive disease of the brain chat leads to dffi-culty in initiating yoluntarymovementSchizophreniaA severe psychotic llness characterized by delusions,hallucinations,and bizarrebehaviorSpinal paralysisA lossof feelingandmovement causedby traumaticdamageto the spinal cordStrokeA loss ofbrain function caused by disruption of theblood supply usuallylcading to permancnt sensory,motor.or cognitivedeficitCopyright@2007WoltersKluwerHealthLippincottWilliams&Wwikins
Why we study?
the Nervous SystemCentralnervousNervousSystemsystemBrainSpinalcordPeripheralnervoussystemPeripheralCentral NervousSystemPeripheralnerves(processes,interprets,NervousSystemstoresinformation;(transmitsinformationtoissuesorderstomuscles,andfromtheCNS)glands,organs)(d)CopeezorFoemEdAutonomicSomaticSpinal CordNervousSystemNervousSystemBrain(bridgebetweenbrain(regulatesglands,blood(controlsskeletalandperipheralnerves)vessels,internalorgans)muscles)SympatheticParasympatheticNervous SystemNervousSystem(mobilizesbodyfor(conserves energy,action,energyoutput)maintainsquletstate)
the Nervous System
ParietalCeritrallobesulcusOutlineOocipitallobowoftheNervousSystemSectionA.Structure and Function of NeuronsSynapsesSpinaControlofBodyMovementctasrootsDorsaAutonomicNervousSystemMrsclelervHigherFunctionof Nervous SystVer
Outline • Overview of the Nervous System • Section A. Structure and Function of Neurons • Synapses • Control of Body Movement • Autonomic Nervous System • Higher Function of Nervous System
All neurons share common features in structure.NeuronsundermicroscopeMorphologicaldiversityofneurons
All neurons share common features in structure. Neurons under microscope Morphological diversity of neurons
All neurons share common features in structure.DendriteCellbodyMitochondrionNisslsubstanceAxonhillockAxon·Cell body (Soma)Nucleus·DendritesCollateralbranchAnaxonwithterminalsNeurofibrilsOne5000-10,000timesSchwanncellNodeofAxonalRanvierterminalSchwanncells,formingthemyelin·Signalpropagationsheathonaxon·Materialtransportation(a)Copyright 2003.Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
All neurons share common features in structure. •Cell body (Soma) •Dendrites •An axon with terminals • Signal propagation • Material transportation 5000-10,000 times
Myelin sheath speeds up conduction of electronicalsignals and conserves energy.DendriteCellbodyMitochondrion myelin sheath- wraps around the axon ofNisslsubstanceAxonaneuronhillockAxon- very efficiently insulates itNucleusCollateralNode of RanvierbranchNeurofibrils-theaxonalmembraneisuninsulatedandthereforecapable of generatingOneSchwannelectricalactivitycellNodeofAxonalRanvierterminalallowingrapid andSchwanncells,formingthemyelinefficient saltatory("jumping")sheathonaxonpropagationofaction potentials.(a)Copyright2003PengasBenjaminCummings
Myelin sheath speeds up conduction of electronical signals and conserves energy. • myelin sheath - wraps around the axon of a neuron - very efficiently insulates it • Node of Ranvier - the axonal membrane is uninsulated and therefore capable of generating electrical activity. allowing rapid and efficientsaltatory (“jumping”) propagation ofaction potentials