揚州大学Chapter 10. Nervous SystemAll figures are from internet, textbooks and papers, all rights reserved to the original authors
Chapter 10. Nervous System All figures are from internet, textbooks and papers, all rights reserved to the original authors
ParietalCeritralobeulcusOutlineOocipitalotyOverviewoftheNervousSystemaStructure.andFunctionofNeuronsenSynapsesControlofBodyMovementAutonomicNervousSystemSpintrasrootSection EHigher Function of Nervous SystemVerl
Outline • Overview of the Nervous System • Structure and Function of Neurons • Synapses • Control of Body Movement • Autonomic Nervous System • Section E Higher Function of Nervous System
HigherFunctionof Nervous System1. States of Consciousness2. Learning and Memory3.Cerebral Dominance and Language4.Motivation and Emotion5. Blood Supply, Blood-Brain Barrier Phenomena andCerebrospinal Fluid
Higher Function of Nervous System 1. States of Consciousness 2. Learning and Memory 3. Cerebral Dominance and Language 4. Motivation and Emotion 5. Blood Supply, Blood-Brain Barrier Phenomena and Cerebrospinal Fluid
1. States of Consciousness. Whether a person is awake,asleep,drowsy,and so on-by behavior (maximum attentivenessto coma)- by the patter of brain activity recorded electrically (EEG)Electroencephalogram (EEG)portrays the electrical potential difference b/wdifferent points on the surface of the scalp
1. States of Consciousness • Whether a person is awake, asleep, drowsy, and so on - by behavior (maximum attentiveness to coma) - by the patter of brain activity recorded electrically (EEG) • Electroencephalogram (EEG) - portrays the electrical potential difference b/w different points on the surface of the scalp
ElectroencephalogramNeural activitygraded potentials and action potentialsElectroencephalographyRecordingSystemEEGMajority of the signal originatesVoltageinthepyramidal cells of theTimecortex (postsynaptic potentialsinthedendrites)00AMPLIFIERScalp electrodeshermes-press.com
Electroencephalogram • Neural activity graded potentials and action potentials • EEG Majority of the signal originates in the pyramidal cells of the cortex (postsynaptic potentials in the dendrites) hermes-press.com
Pattern of EEGIrregular·Amplitude①the degree of synchronous firing of2whichever neurons generating the synaptic?④activityS0.5~100μV(1000timessmallertheAP)6Sum=EEGsynchronicity,activity(b)·FrequencySynchronizedhow often the wave cycles from maxD?amplitude to mini amplitude and back?1~ >40Hz?responsive states?6Sum=EEG(c)
Pattern of EEG •Amplitude the degree of synchronous firing of whichever neurons generating the synaptic activity 0.5~100μV (1000 times smaller the AP) synchronicity, activity • Frequency how often the wave cycles from max amplitude to mini amplitude and back 1~ >40Hz responsive states
PatternofEEG.The synchronicity of the corticalsynaptic activity (amplitudeof EEG)is a reflection of the degree ofCortexsynchronous firing of the thalamicneuronal clusters generating EEG·OscillationOutputidling hypothesispathwaysepiphenomenonhypothesisThalamusAfferentDathwavs
Pattern of EEG • The synchronicity of the cortical synaptic activity (amplitude of EEG) is a reflection of the degree of synchronous firing of the thalamic neuronal clusters generating EEG •Oscillation idling hypothesis epiphenomenon hypothesis
EpilepsyNormal EEGParietal lobeAcommon neurologicaldiseaseOccipitallobe(mild, intermediate, severe)FrontallobeTemporal lobeAbnormal synchronized discharges ofCerebellumcerebral neuronsLesssynchronizedGeneralizedseizureEEGRecurrent waves havingdistinctivehigh amplitudes (up to 1000μV) andindividual spikes or the combinationStereotyped changes in behavior(seizures,lossofconsciousnessetc.)AntagonistofGABAreceptor→promoteHighlysynchronizedAlcohol,tranquillizerinhibitwebdicine.com
Epilepsy • A common neurological disease (mild, intermediate, severe) • Abnormal synchronized discharges of cerebral neurons • Recurrent waves having distinctive high amplitudes (up to 1000μV) and individual spikes or the combination • Stereotyped changes in behavior (seizures, loss of consciousness etc.) webdicine.com Less synchronized Highly synchronized Antagonist of GABA receptor → promote Alcohol, tranquillizer → inhibit
The Waking StateBeta(β)wwwn13-30HzEEGarousalwwwwwwwwwwmAlpha(a)8-13Hzelements.spiritalchemy.comAlpharhythmslowoscillationanawake,relaxedadultwhoseeyes arecloseddecreased level of attentionBeta rhythm lower amplitude, higher frequency oscillationattentive to an external stimulus or thinking hard about somethingtheact of payingattentiontoastimulusRepeated stimuli → back to alpha thythm
The Waking State • Alpha rhythm slow oscillation an awake, relaxed adult whose eyes are closed decreased level of attention • Beta rhythm lower amplitude, higher frequency oscillation attentive to an external stimulus or thinking hard about something the act of paying attention to a stimulus Repeated stimuli → back to alpha thythm EEG arousal elements.spiritalchemy.com
SleepS.Thetarhythm and delta rhythmSlower-frequency,higher-amplitudelibrary.thinkquest.orgBeta(β)yy13-30HzAwakewwwwwwwwwwmAlpha(α)8-13HzTheta (0)M4-8HZSleepDelta (8)0.5-4Hzelements.spiritalchemy.comh
Sleep Sleep Awake elements.spiritalchemy.comh • Theta rhythm and delta rhythm Slower-frequency, higher-amplitude library.thinkquest.org