揚州大学Chapter 7. Energy Metabolism andBody TemperatureAll figures are from internet, textbooks and papers, all rights reserved to the original authors
Chapter 7. Energy Metabolism and Body Temperature All figures are from internet, textbooks and papers, all rights reserved to the original authors
OutlineEnergy MetabolismBody Temperature Regulationphotophoto.cnhsb.hsw.cn
Outline • Energy Metabolism • Body Temperature Regulation hsb.hsw.cn photophoto.cn
Outline Section A. Energy MetabolismBodyTemperature Regulationphotophoto.cnhsb.hsw.cn
Outline • Section A. Energy Metabolism • Body Temperature Regulation hsb.hsw.cn photophoto.cn
Section A. Eneray MetabolismMetabolism- one of the fundamental characteristics of the livingorganismmaterialmetabolismtwoopposingaspects:anabolic →synthesis, e.g. amino acids → protein;catabolic >breakdown, e.g. glucose →>CO2 + H2O)energymetabolism福
Section A. Energy Metabolism • Metabolism - one of the fundamental characteristics of the living organism - material metabolism two opposing aspects: anabolic →synthesis, e.g. amino acids → protein; catabolic →breakdown, e.g. glucose →CO2 + H2O) - energy metabolism
Section A. Energy MetabolismEnergyMetabolism- the liberation, transformation and utilization of the energyproduced by the material metabolism in the body-thebalance:productionand expendituregainorloss of bodyweight营养物质肌肉收缩NutrientsATPMuscularcontractionSo神经传导氧化分解Nerveconduction热能（放散）合成代谢和生长Heatenergy能Synthesisand growthCDEnergyenergy主动吸收化学能Chemical energyActiveabsorptionADPSeretonPCO、HO、尿素（Urea)鹤Pi:Phosphonicacid;释放利用C: Creatine;转移购存ReleaseUtilizationTransportStorageC-P:Phosphocreatine
Section A. Energy Metabolism • Energy Metabolism - the liberation, transformation and utilization of the energy produced by the material metabolism in the body - the balance: production and expenditure ~ gain or loss of body weight Pi：Phosphonic acid； C：Creatine； C-P：Phosphocreatine
Source, Transfer and Storage of EnergyMacro- and Micro- nutrientsMicronutrientsMicrominerals ortraceelements,are dietaryminerals needed bythehumanbodyinvery small quantities (generallyless than1oOmg/day)asopposedtomacrominerals whichare required in largerquantities.Macronutrient- An energy-yielding nutrient. Macronutrients are those nutrients that togetherprovide the vast majority of metabolic energy to an organism.Thethreemainmacronutrientsarecarbohydrates,proteins,andfat
Source, Transfer and Storage of Energy Macro- and Micro- nutrients Micronutrients - Microminerals or trace elements, are dietary minerals needed by the human body in very small quantities (generally less than 100mg/day) as opposed to macrominerals which are required in larger quantities. Macronutrient - An energy-yielding nutrient. Macronutrients are those nutrients that together provide the vast majority of metabolic energy to an organism. The three main macronutrients are carbohydrates, proteins, and fat
Source, Transfer and Storage of EnergyThe Source of EnergyCarbohydrates made of organic compounds carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen-Monosaccharides= Single carbohydrateunit,suchas, Glucose,Fructose, andGalactose.-Disaccharides=Two single carbohydratesboundtogetherthese are Sucrose,Maltose,and Lactose.-Polysaccharides =Havemany unitsof monosaccharides joinedtogether such asStarchandFiber.break down to glucose →enter cells → oxidization,substrates, glycogen (storage)Glucose- most easily used by the body-asimplecarbohydratethatcirculatesintheblood-the main source of energyforthe muscles,central nervous systemtheONLYsourceofenergyforthebrain70% of total energy (glycolysis, citric acid cycle)
Source, Transfer and Storage of Energy The Source of Energy • Carbohydrates made of organic compounds carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen - Monosaccharides = Single carbohydrate unit, such as, Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose. - Disaccharides = Two single carbohydrates bound together these are Sucrose, Maltose, and Lactose. - Polysaccharides = Have many units of monosaccharidesjoined together such as, Starch and Fiber. break down to glucose → enter cells → oxidization, substrates, glycogen (storage) Glucose - most easily used by the body - a simple carbohydrate that circulates in the blood - the main source of energy for the muscles, central nervous system - the ONLY source of energy for the brain 70% of total energy (glycolysis, citric acid cycle)
Source, Transfer and Storage of EnergyLipids-Macronutrient,energy-yielding,provide9Kcaloriespergram-storageoffatinthebody>>glucose-energyproducedby1gfatoxidation~2timesproducedby1gglucoseoxidation-stored energy(adiposetissue),organprotection,temperatureregulator,insulationsuchasmyelinthatcoversnervecells,lipidmembranearoundcells,andemulsifierstokeepfatsdispersedinbodyfluids-madeoforganicmoleculescarbon,hydrogen,and oxygen.Fatsconsist ofglycerolfattyacidsjoinedbyanesterbond-provideuswithenergy,mostofthatenergyis intheformoftriacylglycerols
Source, Transfer and Storage of Energy • Lipids - Macronutrient, energy-yielding, provide 9 Kcalories per gram - storage of fat in the body > > glucose - energy produced by 1g fat oxidation ~ 2 times produced by 1g glucose oxidation - stored energy (adipose tissue), organ protection, temperature regulator, insulation such as myelin that covers nerve cells, lipid membrane around cells, and emulsifiers to keep fats dispersed in body fluids - made of organic molecules carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Fats consist of glycerol fatty acids joined by an ester bond - provide us with energy, most of that energy is in the form of triacylglycerols
Source, Transfer and Storage of EnergyProtein-produced relativelyless energy- become the major energy source in some special conditionsto maintainthe essentialvitalactivities-forms hormones, enzymes,antibodies;it ispart offluidand electrolyte regulation,thebufferingeffectforpH,andtransporterofnutrients.hemoglobin-madeofcarbon,hydrogen,oxygen,andnitrogen-Dietaryproteinsfallintotwocategories:Completeproteins:includeampleamountsof allessentialaminoacids meat,fish,poultry, cheese, eggs, and milkIncompleteproteins:containsomebut notall oftheessentialaminoacidsrequired bythehumanbodylegumes,rice,andleafygreenvegetablesVegetarians!
Source, Transfer and Storage of Energy • Protein - produced relatively less energy - become the major energy source in some special conditions to maintain the essential vital activities - forms hormones, enzymes, antibodies; it is part of fluid and electrolyte regulation, the buffering effect for pH, and transporter of nutrients. hemoglobin - made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen - Dietary proteins fall into two categories: Complete proteins: include ample amounts of all essential amino acids meat, fish, poultry, cheese, eggs, and milk Incomplete proteins: contain some but not all of the essential amino acids required by the human body legumes, rice, and leafy green vegetables Vegetarians!
Source, Transfer and Storage of Energy营养物质肌肉收缩NutrientsATPMuscularcontraction神经传导氢化分解Nerveconduction热能（放散）合成代谢和生长厂Heatenergy能能Synthesis andgrowthCDEnergyenergy化学能主动吸收ActiveabsorptionChemicalenergyADP分泌PSecretionCO、HO、尿素（Urea)善鹤释放转移利用贮存ReleaseUtilizationTransportStorage
Source, Transfer and Storage of Energy