Chapter 3 Basic Instrumentation for Nuclear Technology Outline of experiment 1. Accelerators get particles(e.g. protons,.) 2. Detectors accelerate them throw them against each other observe and record what happens 3. Reactors analyse and interpret the data
Chapter 3. Basic Instrumentation for Nuclear Technology 1. Accelerators 2. Detectors 3. Reactors Outline of experiment: • get particles (e.g. protons, …) • accelerate them • throw them against each other • observe and record what happens • analyse and interpret the data
1. Accelerators History-Why Particle sources Acceleration stage Space charge Diagnostics Application
• History-Why • Particle Sources • Acceleration stage • Space charge • Diagnostics • Application 1.Accelerators
2. Detectors Gas-Filled Radiation Detectors ionization chambers proportional counters Geiger-Muller counters Scintillation Detectors Photomultiplier tube Semiconductor detectors photographic films Personal dosimeters photographic emulsion plates Others Cloud and bubble chambers Particle identification E-△E.TOF Measurement theory Detection Equipment
Gas-Filled Radiation Detectors Scintillation Detectors Semiconductor Detectors Personal Dosimeters Others Particle identification Measurement theory Detection Equipment ionization chambers proportional counters Geiger-Muller counters E-ΔE, TOF photographic films photographic emulsion plates Cloud and Bubble Chambers Photomultiplier tube 2. Detectors
3. Reactors Reactions Involving Neutrons Sustained, moderation Thermal-Neutron Properties of Fuels General features The Neutron Life Cycle in a Thermal Reactor Homogeneous and Heterogeneous cores Reflectors Reactor Kinetics Reactivity Effects(feedback)
3. Reactors Reactions Involving Neutrons Thermal-Neutron Properties of Fuels General features The Neutron Life Cycle in a Thermal Reactor Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Cores Reflectors Reactor Kinetics Reactivity Effects (feedback) Sustained, moderation
n+235U→X+Y+n+y+△E200MeV Kr 1r SSU U a5 in 馨n 结Ba The energy produced by the breaking down of the atom is a very poor kind of thing Anyone who expects a source of power from the transformations of these atoms is talking moonshine. Lord Ernest Rutherford, 1933
“The energy produced by the breaking down of the atom is a very poor kind of thing. Anyone who expects a source of power from the transformations of these atoms is talking moonshine.” Lord Ernest Rutherford, 1933. n + 235U → X + Y+ n + γ + E 200 MeV
Self-sustaining Chain reaction 裂变碎片 鲁● Dec. 2. 1942. Fermi achieved 中子 ●“的 sustained chain reaction and the first fission reactor provided 铀-235 :● data for future design of nuclear
Self-sustaining Chain reaction Dec. 2, 1942, Fermi achieved sustained chain reaction, and the first fission reactor provided data for future design of nuclear reactors
The visⅰon It is not too much to expect that our children will enjoy in their homes nuclear generated electrical energy too cheap to meter. Lewis Strauss, Chairman of the u.s Atomic Energy Commission(1954)
The Vision • “It is not too much to expect that our children will enjoy in their homes [nuclear generated] electrical energy too cheap to meter.” – Lewis Strauss, Chairman of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (1954)
TTT 235 U sonnnooa 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Neutron energy (Mev) The total and fission cross section for 235u based on njoy processed ENDF/B(version v data
The total and fission cross section for 235U based on NJOYprocessed ENDF/B (version V) data
Why neutron moderation is needed? x(E)=0.453ex(-1.036E)sinh(2.29E)0 10 0 leutron energy(Mev) Fission neutron energy spectrum The average energy of prompt fission neutrons is about 2 MeV
Fission neutron energy spectrum Why neutron moderation is needed? The average energy of prompt fission neutrons is about 2 MeV
Reactions Involving neutrons neutron emission scattering elastic lsotropic anisotropic inelastic: n, n) (n,2n),(n,3n),(n,pn) bsorption capture:(n, y) nonelastic ),(n,p) nuclear fission: (n, f)
Reactions Involving Neutrons
