Chapter 7. Nuclear Waste 1. Nuclear Waste Disposal: Amounts of Waste Categories of Nuclear Waste Wastes from Commercial reactors Hazard measures for nuclear Wastes 2. Storage and Disposal of Nuclear Wastes Stages in Waste Handling Deep Geologic Disposal Alternatives to Deep Geologic Disposal Worldwide Status of Nuclear Waste Disposal Plans
Chapter 7. Nuclear Waste 1.Nuclear Waste Disposal: Amounts of Waste Categories of Nuclear Waste Wastes from Commercial Reactors Hazard Measures for Nuclear Wastes 2. Storage and Disposal of Nuclear Wastes Stages in Waste Handling Deep Geologic Disposal Alternatives to Deep Geologic Disposal Worldwide Status of Nuclear Waste Disposal Plans
1.1 Categories of Nuclear Waste The Nature of the problem Military and Civilian Wastes Wastes from commercial nuclear reactors raise more critical issues the amounts are greater, their production continues Form As with all radioactive sources Half lifetime radioactive waste is potentially Radioactivity level hazardous to health. Therefore. it 城市放射性废物管理办法 must be managed in a safe way to protect people and the environment IAEA Safety Standards: Geological disposal of radioactive waste
城市放射性废物管理办法 IAEA Safety Standards: Geological disposal of radioactive waste 1.1 Categories of Nuclear Waste The Nature of the Problem Military and Civilian Wastes Wastes from commercial nuclear reactors raise more critical issues the amounts are greater, their production continues… Form Half lifetime Radioactivity level As with all radioactive sources, radioactive waste is potentially hazardous to health. Therefore, it must be managed in a safe way to protect people and the environment
Good waste management begins before the waste Is generated the starting point for all activities that produce radioactive waste is to avoid or reduce waste generation at its source Minimizing primary waste generation also minimizes the quantity of waste requiring disposal
Good waste management begins before the waste is generated: the starting point for all activities that produce radioactive waste is to avoid or reduce waste generation at its source. Minimizing primary waste generation also minimizes the quantity of waste requiring disposal
Bad News: Wastes from commercial nuclear reactors raise more critical issues the amounts are greater, their production continues Good News: The world has over half a century's knowledge and experience on how to deal with nuclear waste. When the characteristics of the waste are known it can be managed -IAEA
Bad News: Wastes from commercial nuclear reactors raise more critical issues the amounts are greater, their production continues… Good News: The world has over half a century’s knowledge and experience on how to deal with nuclear waste. When the characteristics of the waste are known, it can be managed. -IAEA
Types of Waste High-level waste(HLW Transuranic waste( tru) LOW-level waste(LLW) Uranium Mill tailings This categorization varies slightly from country to country but in principle the main criteria for determining the type of waste are derived from radioactive content and half-life, i. e the time taken for the waste to lose half of its radioactivity
Types of Waste • High-level waste (HLW) • Transuranic waste (TRU) • Low-level waste (LLW) • Uranium Mill Tailings This categorization varies slightly from country to country, but in principle the main criteria for determining the type of waste are derived from radioactive content and half-life, i.e. the time taken for the waste to lose half of its radioactivity
Types of waste High-Level waste The most dangerous radioactive waste .Spent fuel comes from nuclear reactors(52,000 tons) liquid and solid waste from plutonium production(91 million gallons) .About 70 percent of the available storage space is now filled with used fuel assemblies at Turkey point
Types of Waste •High-Level Waste •The most dangerous radioactive waste •Spent fuel comes from nuclear reactors (52,000 tons) • liquid and solid waste from plutonium production (91 million gallons). •About 70 percent of the available storage space is now filled with used fuel assemblies at Turkey Point
Types of waste Transuranic waste Includes clothing, tools, and other materials contaminated with plutonium, neptunium, and other man-made elements heavier than uranium
Types of Waste Transuranic Waste – Includes clothing, tools, and other materials contaminated with plutonium, neptunium, and other man-made elements heavier than uranium
Types of waste Low and mixed low-Level Waste Includes radioactive and hazardous wastes from hospitals, research institutions, and decommissioned power plants(472 million cubic feet)
Types of Waste • Low and Mixed Low-Level Waste – Includes radioactive and hazardous wastes from hospitals, research institutions, and decommissioned power plants (472 million cubic feet)
Types of Waste Uranium Mill Tailings Residues left from the extraction of uranium ore(265 million tons) 21999@的
Uranium Mill Tailings •Residues left from the extraction of uranium ore (265 million tons)). Types of Waste
Mining Uranium ore is usually s located aerially core samples are then drilled and analyzed by geologists. The uranium ore s extracted by means of drilling and blasting. Mines can be in either open pits or underground. Uranium concentrations are a small percentage of the rock that s mined, so tons of tailings waste are generated by the mining process
Mining • Uranium ore is usually located aerially; core samples are then drilled and analyzed by geologists. The uranium ore is extracted by means of drilling and blasting. Mines can be in either open pits or underground. Uranium concentrations are a small percentage of the rock that is mined, so tons of tailings waste are generated by the mining process
