Chapter 6. Nuclear Weapons 1. History of Weapons Development 2. Nuclear Explosions Producing Bomb Materials Energy yield Critical Mass for Nuclear Weapons Buildup of a Chain Reaction 3. Uranium and Nuclear Weapons 4. Plutonium and Nuclear Weapons Explosive Properties of Plutonium Reactor-Grade Plutonium as a Weapons Material 5. Nuclear Weapons related Issues
Chapter 6. Nuclear Weapons 1.History of Weapons Development 2.Nuclear Explosions 3.Uranium and Nuclear Weapons 4.Plutonium and Nuclear Weapons 5.Nuclear Weapons related Issues Producing Bomb Materials Energy Yield Critical Mass for Nuclear Weapons Buildup of a Chain Reaction Explosive Properties of Plutonium Reactor-Grade Plutonium as a Weapons Material
1934: Italian physicist Enrico Fermi learns how to produce nuclear fission Race to develop weaponized nuclear reactions 1942: US Manhattan Project!'led by robert Oppenheimer develops fission weapons 1945: Little Boy' and'Fat Man' dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. WWll ends -Over 100,000 dead 1949: USSR tests its first nuclear weapon
•1934: Italian physicist Enrico Fermi learns how to produce nuclear fission. – Race to develop weaponized nuclear reactions. • 1942: US ‘Manhattan Project’ led by Robert Oppenheimer develops fission weapons. • 1945: ‘Little Boy’ and ‘Fat Man’ dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. WWII ends.– Over 100,000 dead. • 1949: USSR tests its first nuclear weapon
1952: US develops first fusion bomb(H-Bomb 450 times more powerful than Nagasaki bomb 1952: UK develops its own nuclear weapon 1960: France develops nuclear weapon 1964: China develops nuclear weapon 1968: US USSR China France, UK sign nuclear non-proliferation treaty(NPT) 189 countries now party to the treaty Yet, others have developed nuclear weapons Israel, Pakistan, India, North Korea, ( South Africa) Iran may be pursuing nuclear weapons capabilities, but claims program is peaceful During the 1960s, it became possible for nuclear weapons to be delivered anywhere in the world
•1952: US develops first fusion bomb (H-Bomb). – 450 times more powerful than Nagasaki bomb. • 1952: UK develops its own nuclear weapon. • 1960: France develops nuclear weapon. • 1964: China develops nuclear weapon. •1968: US USSR China France, UK sign nuclear non-proliferation treaty (NPT). – 189 countries now party to the treaty. • Yet, others have developed nuclear weapons: – Israel, Pakistan, India, North Korea, (South Africa). • Iran may be pursuing nuclear weapons capabilities, but claims program is peaceful. During the 1960s, it became possible for nuclear weapons to be delivered anywhere in the world
Year of Achieving Country Weapon Electric power First power reactor United states 1945 1957 Shippingport(60 MWe) Former USsR 1949 1958 Troisk A(100 MWe Ingdom 1952 1956 Calder Hall 1(50 MWe) france 1960 1964 Chinon Al(70 MWe) China 1964 ~1992a Qinshan 1(300 MWe) Comparison of years of achieving nuclear weapons and civilian nuclear electric power, for acknowledged nuclear- weapon countries
Comparison of years of achieving nuclear weapons and civilian nuclear electric power, for acknowledged nuclear-weapon countries
History Of Nuclear Weapons Nuclear weapons were symbols of military and national power, and testing nuclear was often used both to test new designs as well as to send political messages There are at least 29000 nuclear weapons held by at least seven countries, though 96%of these are in the possession of just two the United states and the russian Federation
History Of Nuclear Weapons Nuclear weapons were symbols of military and national power, and testing nuclear was often used both to test new designs as well as to send political messages. There are at least 29,000 nuclear weapons held by at least seven countries, though 96% of these are in the possession of just two the United States and the Russian Federation
Nuclear Weapons in US About 12,000 nuclear weapons are deployed in 14 states. Five states: New Mexico, Georgia, Washington, Nevada, North Dakota which account for 70 percent of the total. The others are in Wyoming, Missouri, Montana Louisiana, Texas, Nebraska, California, Virginia, Colorado Overseas about 150U.S. nuclear weapons are at 10 air bases in seven countries: Belgium, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Turkey and Britain The United States is believed to be the only nation with nuclear weapons outside of its borders. The number of U.S. nuclear weapons in Europe has greatly decreased in the early 1980s
Nuclear Weapons in US • About 12,000 nuclear weapons are deployed in 14 states. Five states: New Mexico, Georgia, Washington, Nevada, North Dakota which account for 70 percent of the total. The others are in Wyoming, Missouri, Montana, Louisiana, Texas, Nebraska, California, Virginia, Colorado. • Overseas, about 150 U.S. nuclear weapons are at 10 air bases in seven countries: Belgium, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Turkey and Britain. • The United States is believed to be the only nation with nuclear weapons outside of its borders. The number of U.S. nuclear weapons in Europe has greatly decreased in the early 1980s
Atomic bombing of hiroshima and Nagasaki The United states army air Force dropped two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of hiroshima and nagasaki on august 6 and august 9 1945 during world war II There goal was basically to secure the surrender of Japan At least 120,000 people died immediately from the attacks Thousands of people died years after from the effects of nuclear radiation about 95% of the casualties were civilians Japan sent notice of its unconditional surrender to the allies on august 15. a week after the bombings These bombings were the first and only nuclear attacks in the world Istory
Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki • The United States Army Air Force dropped two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and August 9, 1945 during World War II. • There goal was basically to secure the surrender of Japan. • At least 120,000 people died immediately from the attacks. • Thousands of people died years after from the effects of nuclear radiation. • About 95% of the casualties were civilians. • Japan sent notice of its unconditional surrender to the allies on August 15, a week after the bombings. • These bombings were the first and only nuclear attacks in the world history
Hiroshima and nagasaki Cont The role of bombings in Japan's was to make them surrender The U.S. believed that the bombing ended the war sooner In Japan, the general public tends to think that the bombings were needless as the preparation for the surrender was in progress The survivors of the bombings are called hibakusha, a Japanese word that literally translates to"bomb-affected people The suffering of the bombing is the root of Japans postwar pacifism, and the nation has sought the abolition of nuclear weapons from the world ever since
Hiroshima and Nagasaki Cont… • The role of bombings in Japan’s was to make them surrender. • The U.S. believed that the bombing ended the war sooner. • In Japan, the general public tends to think that the bombings were needless as the preparation for the surrender was in progress. • The survivors of the bombings are called hibakusha, a Japanese word that literally translates to “bomb-affected people.” • The suffering of the bombing is the root of Japan’s postwar pacifism, and the nation has sought the abolition of nuclear weapons from the world ever since
Aftermath Attack On Japan The nuclear attacks on Japan occurred during hot weather So it was more effected toward the people Many people were outside and wearing light clothings This lady's skin is burned in a patterns corresponding to the dark patterns of her kimono The dark sections of clothing absorbed more heat and burnt her to her flash So basically darker cloths would make it worst
Aftermath Attack On Japan • The nuclear attacks on Japan occurred during hot weather. • So it was more effected toward the people. • Many people were outside and wearing light clothing's. • This lady's skin is burned in a patterns corresponding to the dark patterns of her kimono. • The dark sections of clothing absorbed more heat and burnt her to her flash. • So basically darker cloths would make it worst
Aftermath Cont This was the effect of NagasakI left a heavy destruction at high blast This bomb created a smoke that would basically harm people The smokestacks happen from the open at the top The blast wave may have traveled down the stacks bringing pressures toward were it blast The blast was so powerful it ruin almost most of the country
Aftermath Cont… • This was the effect of Nagasaki it left a heavy destruction at high blast. • This bomb created a smoke that would basically harm people. • The smokestacks happen from the open at the top. • The blast wave may have traveled down the stacks bringing pressures toward were it blast. • The blast was so powerful it ruin almost most of the country