Chapter 8. Radioactive isotopes and Their Applications 1 Introduction 2. Production of Radioisotopes 3. Some Commonly used radionuclides 4. Tracer Applications 5. Thickness Gauging 6. Radioisotope Dating 7. Radioisotope Applications in Space Exploration
Chapter 8. Radioactive isotopes and Their Applications 1.Introduction 2.Production of Radioisotopes 3.Some Commonly Used Radionuclides 4.Tracer Applications 5.Thickness Gauging 6.Radioisotope Dating 7.Radioisotope Applications in Space Exploration
1.1 The applications are myriad medical applications industrial and research applications everyday lives defence very small size of radionuclide radiation sources the great variety of available radionuclides the consumption of isotopes in a country depends on the level of its economic development and industrialization
1.1 The applications are myriad very small size of radionuclide radiation sources the great variety of available radionuclides medical applications industrial and research applications everyday lives defence the consumption of isotopes in a country depends on the level of its economic development and industrialization
APPliCations Industrial Productivity Excellence 2010 Saving and protecting Lives THE STORY CONTINUES Russia Dominates Global Transuranic Fission Product Isotope Supply 2000 Am-241 Monoclonal Antibody Targeted Cancer Therapies Y-90.Ac-225 Small Exclusion Zone Radiography, Prostate Cancer Therapy 1990 se-75,Pd-103 Drugs, Explosives, Chemical Agent Detection Ni-63 IMS PET CT Bone Cancer. Medical Reference F-18,0-15,Sr-89,C0-57 1980 Genetic Engineering P-32 Recombinant DNA Clinical Diagnostics I-125 Radioimmunoassay, TI-204 Nuclear Programs, smoke Detectors cf-252,SbBe,Po-210,Am-241 Sterilization, Oil Exploration Co-60. CS-137 AmBe. Deuterium: Tritium Nuclear Medicine Xe-133, Tc-99m Radiopharmaceuticals Biochemist Atoms for Peace C-14, H-3 (labeled compounds) Developing Applications NDT, Gauging, XRF, Radiography, Teletherapy, Brachytherapy Cs-137,Sr-90,Kr-85,Pm-147,Am-241,AmBe,Ir-192,Co-60 Fission Products. The First Artificial Radioisotopes CS-137, Sr-90 TECHNOLOGY Radium Treating Cancer, Luminous Compounds
1.2 Stable and radioactive nuclides Z=# of protons Radioactive Nuclides 2800 Natura:238U、232Th、 226Ra Man-made:239Pu、 239Np、1311 N=# of neutrons
1.2 Stable and Radioactive nuclides N = # of neutrons Z = # of protons Radioactive Nuclides: 2800 Natural: 238U、 232Th、 226Ra… Man-made: 239Pu、 239Np、 131I
Radioactivity -238U radioactive decay series The Decay Path of 4n+2 orU Family n 218 At a decay 21o Major route 206b Pb TI Minor route decay
The Decay Path of 4n + 2 or 238U Family 238 234U U 234Pa 234 230 Th Th 226Ra 22 2Rn 218At 218 214Po Po 214Bi 214Pb 210Po 210Bi 206Pb 210Pb 206Tl 210Tl 206Hg Minor route Major route decay decay Radioactivity - 238U radioactive decay series
Radioactive Series in Nature Number of erles Series Parent Half-life Stable decays yp Name ucleus (10· years) Nucleus 4=4m Thorium 232Th 14.05 208 Pb 6 4 A=4n+2 Uranium 238 U 4.47 206Pb A=4n+3 Actinium 235 U 0.704 207 Pb 7 64
Radioactive Series in Nature
PROPERTI hRObEBII 事8 F RADIOISOTO8R Have different penetrating ability with materials of different thickness and densities Kill cells Cause cell mutation Ionise molecules Have the same chemical properties as non-radioactive isotopes of the same element Its activity decreases with time
Have different penetrating ability with materials of different thickness and densities Kill cells Cause cell mutation Ionise molecules Have the same chemical properties as non-radioactive isotopes of the same element Its activity decreases with time
2. Production of Radioisotopes 27+2He→P+0n P≥30Si+0e+v 30 15
Al He P n 1 0 3 0 1 5 4 2 2 7 1 3 + → + P→ Si+ e + 0 1 3 0 1 4 3 0 1 5 2. Production of Radioisotopes
Produce Select suitable nuclides Radioactive nuclei Nuclear reactor accelerator generator
Produce Select suitable nuclides Radioactive nuclei Nuclear reactor accelerator generator
2. 1 Nuclear Reactor Irradiation Neutron flux: 1010x1013cm-2 s -1 (n,a),(n,p),(n,f),(n,v) (n,a)、(n,p): En high,σSmal, Light nuclides 32S(n, p 2P, Li(n, a H Parent and daughter is different Chemical separation
2.1 Nuclear Reactor Irradiation Neutron flux: 1010~1013cm-2·s-1 ， (n,α), (n,p), (n,f), (n,γ) (n,α)、(n,p): En High, σ Small，Light nuclides 32S(n,p) 32P, 6Li(n,α) 3H 。 Parent and daughter is different Chemical separation