
环境科学 第4讲种群与人口问题 北京大学环境科学与工程学院
北京大学环境科学与工程学院 1 第4讲 种群与人口问题

环境科学 。种群与承载力 ·人口问题 ·人口与贫困 ·中国人口问题 北京大学环境科学与工程学院
北京大学环境科学与工程学院 • 种群与承载力 • 人口问题 • 人口与贫困 • 中国人口问题 2

环境科学 1,Population Principles 北京大学环境科学与工程学院
北京大学环境科学与工程学院 1、Population Principles 3

Population Characteristics Population-Group of individuals of the same species inhabiting the same area simultaneously.同一时空下同一种的个体 数量 -Natality and Mortality出生率与死亡率 Natality-Number of individuals added through reproduction. Birth Rate(Humans Born/1,000) Mortality -Number of individuals removed via death. .Death Rate (Humans Died /1,000) 北京大学环境科学与工程学院
北京大学环境科学与工程学院 Population Characteristics(1) • Population - Group of individuals of the same species inhabiting the same area simultaneously.同一时空下同一种的个体 数量 – Natality and Mortality 出生率与死亡率 • Natality - Number of individuals added through reproduction. – Birth Rate (Humans Born / 1,000) – Mortality - Number of individuals removed via death. • Death Rate (Humans Died / 1,000) 4

Population Characteristics (2 ·Population Growth Rate-种群数量变化Birthrate minus the death rate.Often expressed as a percentage of the total population. 。 Survivorship Curve-存活曲线Shows proportion of individuals likely to survive to each age ·三种类型: High mortality in young. Mortality equitable among different age classes -Mortality high only in old age 北京大学环境科学与工程学院
北京大学环境科学与工程学院 Population Characteristics(2) • Population Growth Rate – 种群数量变化 Birthrate minus the death rate. Often expressed as a percentage of the total population. • Survivorship Curve – 存活曲线 Shows proportion of individuals likely to survive to each age. • 三种类型: – High mortality in young. – Mortality equitable among different age classes. – Mortality high only in old age. 5

三种类型的存活曲线 环境科学 ·凹型:生命早期有极高的死亡率,但是一旦活到某一年龄, 死亡率就变得很低而且稳定,如鱼类、很多无脊椎动物等。 ·直线型:种群各年龄的死亡基本相同,如水螅。小型哺乳动 物、鸟类的成年阶段等。 ·凸型:绝大多数个体都能活到生理年龄,早期死亡率极低, 但一旦达到一定生理年龄时,短期内几乎全部死亡,如人类、 盘羊和其他一些哺乳动物等 北京大学环境科学与工程学院
北京大学环境科学与工程学院 三种类型的存活曲线 • 凹型 :生命早期有极高的死亡率,但是一旦活到某一年龄, 死亡率就变得很低而且稳定,如鱼类、很多无脊椎动物等。 • 直线型:种群各年龄的死亡基本相同,如水螅。小型哺乳动 物、鸟类的成年阶段等。 • 凸型:绝大多数个体都能活到生理年龄,早期死亡率极低 , 但一旦达到一定生理年龄时,短期内几乎全部死亡,如人类、 盘羊和其他一些哺乳动物等 6

Survivorship Curve(存活曲线) 环境科学 opyright The McGraw-Hil Compani 1000 1000 100 复10 02468024 012345678 Age (years Age(years) 10.,000 10,00 Age (vea 与工程学院
北京大学环境科学与工程学院 Survivorship Curve(存活曲线) 7

Population Characteristics (3. 环境科学 Sex Ratio-Age Distribution性别比例与年龄结构 Sex Ratio -Relative number of males and females in a population.雌性与雄性的比例 Females determine the number of offspring produced in sexually reproducing populations. It's typical in most species that the sex ratio is about 1:1 -Age Distribution -Number of individuals of each age in the population.不同年龄层的个体数量 Greatly influences population growth rate. 北京大学环境科学与工程学院
北京大学环境科学与工程学院 • Sex Ratio - Age Distribution 性别比例与年龄结构 – Sex Ratio - Relative number of males and females in a population.雌性与雄性的比例 • Females determine the number of offspring produced in sexually reproducing populations. • It’s typical in most species that the sex ratio is about 1:1 – Age Distribution - Number of individuals of each age in the population.不同年龄层的个体数量 • Greatly influences population growth rate. 8 Population Characteristics(3)

Population Characteristics 环境科学 Population Density -Number of individuals per unit area.种群密度 High population density may lead to increased competition for resources. 一较高的种群密度意味着竞争的加剧 Dispersal Movement of individuals from densely populated locations to new areas. -Emigration -Movement from an area. -Immigration Movement into an area. 北京大学环境科学与工程学院
北京大学环境科学与工程学院 • Population Density - Number of individuals per unit area. 种群密度 – High population density may lead to increased competition for resources. – 较高的种群密度意味着竞争的加剧 • Dispersal - Movement of individuals from densely populated locations to new areas. – Emigration - Movement from an area. – Immigration - Movement into an area. 9 Population Characteristics(4)

Population Growth Curve 种群数量增长曲线 环境科学 Biotic Potential(生物繁殖本能) Inherent reproductive capacity (Biological ability to produce offspring) -Generally,biotic potential is much above replacement level. Natural tendency for increase -All living populations follow an exponential growth curve 境科学与工程学院
北京大学环境科学与工程学院 Population Growth Curve 种群数量增长曲线 • Biotic Potential (生物繁殖本能)- Inherent reproductive capacity. (Biological ability to produce offspring) – Generally, biotic potential is much above replacement level. • Natural tendency for increase. – All living populations follow an exponential growth curve. 10