WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 续》 World health Organization
ISBN 978 92 4 156526 4 WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS WHO 2016 MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs S U S T A I N A B L E DEVELOPMENT GOALS
WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS 201 MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS World health Organization
WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs S U S T A I N A B L E DEVELOPMENT GOALS
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data World health statistics 2016: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals 1. Health Status Indicators. 2. Global Health. 3. Health Priorities. 4 Mortality. 5. Universal Coverage. 6. Life Expectancy. 7.Statistics. I World Health SN9789241565264 (NLM classification: WA 900.1) E|SBN9789240695696(PDF o World Health Organization 2016 AllrightsreservedPublicationsoftheWorldHealthOrganizationareavailableontheWhowebsite(www.who.int)or chased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1Z I Geneva 27, Switzerland(tel: +41227913264: fax +41 227914857: email: @who. int) Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications-whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution-should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO website(wwwwho. int/about /licensing/opyright_form/en/index. html) The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization conceming the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the world Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use Photo credits: page l UN Photo/ Kibae Park page 3 WHO/SEARO/David Orr, page 7 WHO/ Sergey Volkov, page 15 WHO/ Chris de bode, page 23 WHO/SEAROKaren Reidy: page 29 WHO/Christopher Black. esign and layout by LlV Com Sarl, Villars-sous-Yens, Switzerland. Printed in france
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data World health statistics 2016: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. 1.Health Status Indicators. 2.Global Health. 3.Health Priorities. 4.Mortality. 5.Universal Coverage. 6.Life Expectancy. 7.Statistics. I.World Health ISBN 978 92 4 156526 4 (NLM classification: WA 900.1) E-ISBN 978 92 4 069569 6 (PDF) © World Health Organization 2016 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO website (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: bookorders@who.int). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO website (www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. Photo credits: page 1 UN Photo/Kibae Park; page 3 WHO/SEARO/David Orr; page 7 WHO/Sergey Volkov; page 15 WHO/Chris de Bode; page 23 WHO/SEARO/Karen Reidy; page 29 WHO/Christopher Black. Design and layout by L’IV Com Sàrl, Villars-sous-Yens, Switzerland. Printed in France
CONTENTS Executive summary Abbreviations Introduction 1. The 2030 Agenda- a new impetus for health monitoring 2. Implications of the SD Gs for health monitoring-a challenge and an opportunity for all countries 2.1 Scope-an agenda for all countries 2.2 Contents-all major health areas are included 2.3 Equity -the need for disaggregated data 2.4 Multisectoral data-health-related risk factors and determinants 2.5 Country monitoring- data gaps and capacity 2.6 Regional and global monitoring -mechanisms and estimates 2.7 Review -using data for improved implementation 6 3. Monitoring the health goal- indicators of overall progress 3.1 Life expectancy -major gains but still large differences 3.2 Healthy life expectancy- gaining healthy life years 3.3 Premature mortality -focusing on deaths among those under 70 years of age 12 3.4 Data gaps-most deaths not registered 4. Universal health coverage-at the centre of the health goal 4.1 UHC coverage index of essential health services-a new summary measure 15 4.2 Inequalities in coverage- towards an integrated assessment 4.3 Financial protection -measuring the impact of out-of-pocket payments 4.4 Data gaps- regular UHC monitoring is possible 5. Equity- leave no one behind 5.1 Sex-major differences between men and women for many indicators 5.2 Age- data should cover the full life course 5.3 Socioeconomic status -major disadvantages for the poorest and the least educated 5.4 Place of residence- focus on geographical differences within countries 5.5 Migrants and minorities-requiring special efforts 5.6 Data gaps- disaggregation is a crucial data challenge 6. SDG health and health-related targets 29 6.1 Health targets-13 targets and 26 proposed indicators 6.2 Health-related targets in other goals -many targets linked to health 6.3 Situation in 2016-a sketch based on global data Reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health 30 eases Noncommunicable diseases and mental health Injuries and violence Health systems 6.4 Data gaps - need for strong country health information systems MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs
MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs iii Executive summary ....................................................................... v Abbreviations ........................................................................... vi Introduction............................................................................ viii 1. The 2030 Agenda – a new impetus for health monitoring........................................ 1 2. Implications of the SDGs for health monitoring – a challenge and an opportunity for all countries........ 3 2.1 Scope – an agenda for all countries....................................................... 3 2.2 Contents – all major health areas are included .............................................. 4 2.3 Equity – the need for disaggregated data .................................................. 4 2.4 Multisectoral data – health-related risk factors and determinants ................................ 4 2.5 Country monitoring – data gaps and capacity ............................................... 4 2.6 Regional and global monitoring – mechanisms and estimates ................................... 5 2.7 Review – using data for improved implementation ........................................... 6 3. Monitoring the health goal – indicators of overall progress ...................................... 7 3.1 Life expectancy – major gains but still large differences ........................................ 7 3.2 Healthy life expectancy – gaining healthy life years .......................................... 10 3.3 Premature mortality – focusing on deaths among those under 70 years of age...................... 12 3.4 Data gaps – most deaths not registered .................................................. 12 4. Universal health coverage – at the centre of the health goal .................................... 15 4.1 UHC coverage index of essential health services – a new summary measure ....................... 15 4.2 Inequalities in coverage – towards an integrated assessment................................... 17 4.3 Financial protection – measuring the impact of out-of-pocket payments .......................... 17 4.4 Data gaps – regular UHC monitoring is possible ............................................ 21 5. Equity – leave no one behind............................................................. 23 5.1 Sex – major differences between men and women for many indicators ........................... 24 5.2 Age – data should cover the full life course ................................................ 25 5.3 Socioeconomic status – major disadvantages for the poorest and the least educated ................. 25 5.4 Place of residence – focus on geographical differences within countries ........................... 26 5.5 Migrants and minorities – requiring special efforts .......................................... 26 5.6 Data gaps – disaggregation is a crucial data challenge........................................ 28 6. SDG health and health-related targets ..................................................... 29 6.1 Health targets – 13 targets and 26 proposed indicators ....................................... 29 6.2 Health-related targets in other goals – many targets linked to health ............................. 30 6.3 Situation in 2016 – a sketch based on global data ........................................... 30 Reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health ........................................ 30 Infectious diseases ............................................................... 35 Noncommunicable diseases and mental health .......................................... 36 Injuries and violence .............................................................. 37 Health systems.................................................................. 38 6.4 Data gaps – need for strong country health information systems ................................ 39 CONTENTS
Annex A: Summaries of the SDG health and health-related targets Explanatory notes Target 3.1 Maternal mortality Target 3. 1 Births attended by skilled health personnel Target 3.2 Child mortality Target 3.3 HIV Target 3.3 Tuberculosis Target 3.3 Malaria Target 3.3 Hepatitis Target 3.3 Neglected tropical diseases Target 3. 4 Noncommunicable diseases Target 3. 4 Suicide Target 3.5 Substance abuse Target 3.6 Road traffic injuries Target 3.7 Sexual and reproductive health Target 3.9 Mortality due to air pollution 24680卫 Target 3.9 Mortality due to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene Target 3.9 Mortality due to unintentional poisoning Target 3. a Tobacco use 76 Target 3. b Essential medicines and vaccines Target 3 c Health workforce Target 3.d National and global health risks arget 2.2 Child stunting Target 2.2 Child wasting and overweight Target 6.1 Drinking-water Target 6.2 Sanitation Target 7.1 Clean household energy arget 11.6 Ambient air pollution Target 13.1 Natural disaster Target 16.1 Homicide Target 16.1 Conflicts Annex B: Tables of health statistics by country, WHO region and globally Explanatory notes 103 Annex C: WHO regional groupings WORLD HEALTH STATISTS: 2016
iv WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS: 2016 Annex A: Summaries of the SDG health and health-related targets ................................. 43 Explanatory notes ...................................................................... 43 Target 3.1 Maternal mortality ............................................................. 44 Target 3.1 Births attended by skilled health personnel ........................................... 46 Target 3.2 Child mortality ................................................................ 48 Target 3.3 HIV ........................................................................ 50 Target 3.3 Tuberculosis .................................................................. 52 Target 3.3 Malaria ..................................................................... 54 Target 3.3 Hepatitis .................................................................... 56 Target 3.3 Neglected tropical diseases....................................................... 58 Target 3.4 Noncommunicable diseases ...................................................... 60 Target 3.4 Suicide ...................................................................... 62 Target 3.5 Substance abuse............................................................... 64 Target 3.6 Road traffic injuries ............................................................. 66 Target 3.7 Sexual and reproductive health .................................................... 68 Target 3.9 Mortality due to air pollution...................................................... 70 Target 3.9 Mortality due to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene......................... 72 Target 3.9 Mortality due to unintentional poisoning ............................................. 74 Target 3.a Tobacco use .................................................................. 76 Target 3.b Essential medicines and vaccines .................................................. 78 Target 3.c Health workforce .............................................................. 80 Target 3.d National and global health risks.................................................... 82 Target 2.2 Child stunting................................................................. 84 Target 2.2 Child wasting and overweight ..................................................... 86 Target 6.1 Drinking-water ................................................................ 88 Target 6.2 Sanitation.................................................................... 90 Target 7.1 Clean household energy ......................................................... 92 Target 11.6 Ambient air pollution ........................................................... 94 Target 13.1 Natural disaster ............................................................... 96 Target 16.1 Homicide .................................................................... 98 Target 16.1 Conflicts.................................................................... 100 Annex B: Tables of health statistics by country, WHO region and globally ........................... 103 Explanatory notes ..................................................................... 103 Annex C: WHO regional groupings.......................................................... 121
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY he 17 Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)of the 2030 Agenda integrate all three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental) recognizing that eradicating poverty and inequality, creating inclusive economic growth and preserving the planet are inextricably linked Health is centrally positioned within the 2030 Agenda, with one comprehensive goal (SDG 3)and its 13 targets covering all major health priorities, and links to targets in many of the other goals The 2030 Agenda has major implications for health monitoring Monitoring will need to reflect the fact that the SDgs are relevant for all countries In order to accommodate a much broader range of health and health-related issues, country regional and global monitoring systems will have to adapt. This will mean, at the very least, undertaking health data collection, analysis and communication in an integrated manner. The SDg focus on leaving no one behind means that much greater attention will have to be given to disaggregated data. Health monitoring will have to look beyond the health sector and consider economic, social and environmental indicators, as well as intersectoral actions. The 2030 Agenda also puts strong emphasis on country follow-up and review processes as the basis for accountability Strengthening country health information systems should therefore be a priority This report brings together the most recent data on the proposed health and selected health-related SDG indicators-to assess the current situation and describe crucial data gaps In the current absence of official goal-level indicators, summary measures of health such as(healthy) life expectancy are used to provide a general assessment of the situation As universal health coverage(UHC) is a central concern, statistics are presented on a service-coverage index and on measures of financial protection using the WHo/World Bank UHC monitoring framework. In relation to equity special attention is given to describing the statistical situation disaggregated by key demographic, geographic and socioeconomic characteristics Because the 2030 Agenda emphasizes the interlinked nature of all the various goals, this report also includes indicators of selected health determinants and risk factors in relation to other SDG targets. more work is required to fully integrate monitoring the health dimension in other goals in the battle against infectious dis such as Hiv/AiDS, tuberculosis The situation analysis also provides evidence of the importance of addressing noncommunicable diseases and their risk factors such as tobacco use, mental health problems, road traffic injuries, and environmental health Data on water and sanitation and air quality show that much more needs to be done to reduce risks to health Weak health systems are a major obstacle in many countries, resulting in major deficiencies in UHC for even the most basic health services and inadequate preparedness for health emergencies This report shows that for most sdg health and health-related targets it is possible to provide an overview of the global situation and trends using a limited number of indicators. It, however, also shows that there are major data gaps for many indicators. For instance, several health and health-related indicators require regular, quality data on mortality by age, sex and cause of death, which are still lacking in most countries. The demand for comparable disaggregated statistics is particularly challenging for almost all indicators. These deficiencies will require major investments in strengthening country health information and statistical systems MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs
MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY T he 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda integrate all three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental) recognizing that eradicating poverty and inequality, creating inclusive economic growth and preserving the planet are inextricably linked. Health is centrally positioned within the 2030 Agenda, with one comprehensive goal (SDG 3) and its 13 targets covering all major health priorities, and links to targets in many of the other goals. The 2030 Agenda has major implications for health monitoring. Monitoring will need to reflect the fact that the SDGs are relevant for all countries. In order to accommodate a much broader range of health and health-related issues, country, regional and global monitoring systems will have to adapt. This will mean, at the very least, undertaking health data collection, analysis and communication in an integrated manner. The SDG focus on leaving no one behind means that much greater attention will have to be given to disaggregated data. Health monitoring will have to look beyond the health sector and consider economic, social and environmental indicators, as well as intersectoral actions. The 2030 Agenda also puts strong emphasis on country follow-up and review processes as the basis for accountability. Strengthening country health information systems should therefore be a priority. This report brings together the most recent data on the proposed health and selected health-related SDG indicators – to assess the current situation and describe crucial data gaps. In the current absence of official goal-level indicators, summary measures of health such as (healthy) life expectancy are used to provide a general assessment of the situation. As universal health coverage (UHC) is a central concern, statistics are presented on a service-coverage index and on measures of financial protection using the WHO/World Bank UHC monitoring framework. In relation to equity, special attention is given to describing the statistical situation disaggregated by key demographic, geographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Because the 2030 Agenda emphasizes the interlinked nature of all the various goals, this report also includes indicators of selected health determinants and risk factors in relation to other SDG targets. More work is required to fully integrate monitoring the health dimension in other goals. Available data show that in spite of the major progress during the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) era, major challenges remain in terms of reducing maternal and child mortality, improving nutrition, and achieving further progress in the battle against infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, neglected tropical diseases and hepatitis. The situation analysis also provides evidence of the importance of addressing noncommunicable diseases and their risk factors such as tobacco use, mental health problems, road traffic injuries, and environmental health issues. Data on water and sanitation and air quality show that much more needs to be done to reduce risks to health. Weak health systems are a major obstacle in many countries, resulting in major deficiencies in UHC for even the most basic health services and inadequate preparedness for health emergencies. This report shows that for most SDG health and health-related targets it is possible to provide an overview of the global situation and trends using a limited number of indicators. It, however, also shows that there are major data gaps for many indicators. For instance, several health and health-related indicators require regular, quality data on mortality by age, sex and cause of death, which are still lacking in most countries. The demand for comparable disaggregated statistics is particularly challenging for almost all indicators. These deficiencies will require major investments in strengthening country health information and statistical systems
ABBREVIATIONS adolescent birth rate AFR WHO African Region acquired immunodeficiency syndrome lO Region of the americas ART antiretroviral therapy CRD chronic respiratory disease CRVS civil registration and vital statistics CV cardiovascular disease DHS Demographic and Health Survey EML essential medicines list EMR WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region EPPM ending preventable maternal mortality WHO European Region FCTC Framework Convention on Tobacco control GDP gross domestic product GHO Global Health Observatory Global strategy on human resources for health HAT uman African trypanosomiasis hepatitis b virus HCV hepatitis C virus HepBOT HBV vaccine birth dose administered in a timely way human immunodeficiency virus HL ILE healthy life expectancy High-Level Political Forum human resources for health lAEG-SDGs Interagency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators ICD International Classification of diseases IGME Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation(United Nations International Health Regulations ITN insecticide-treated net LMIC low-and middle-income countries MDG Millennium Development Goal Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey MMEIG Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group(United Nations) MMR maternal mortality ratio NCD incommunicable disease NHA national health account NHWA national health workforce accounts neglected tropical disease ODA official development assistance WORLD HEALTH STATISTS: 2016
vi WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS: 2016 ABBREVIATIONS ABR adolescent birth rate AFR WHO African Region AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AMR WHO Region of the Americas ART antiretroviral therapy CRD chronic respiratory disease CRVS civil registration and vital statistics CVD cardiovascular disease DHS Demographic and Health Survey EML essential medicines list EMR WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region EPPM ending preventable maternal mortality EUR WHO European Region FCTC Framework Convention on Tobacco Control GDP gross domestic product GHO Global Health Observatory GSHRH Global strategy on human resources for health HAT human African trypanosomiasis HBV hepatitis B virus HCV hepatitis C virus HepBOT HBV vaccine birth dose administered in a timely way HIV human immunodeficiency virus HLE healthy life expectancy HLPF High-Level Political Forum HRH human resources for health IAEG-SDGs Interagency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators ICD International Classification of Diseases IGME Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (United Nations) IHR International Health Regulations ITN insecticide-treated net LMIC low- and middle-income countries MDG Millennium Development Goal MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey MMEIG Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group (United Nations) MMR maternal mortality ratio NCD noncommunicable disease NHA national health account NHWA national health workforce accounts NTD neglected tropical disease ODA official development assistance
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and development out-of-pocket articulate matter PPP research and development oustainable Development Goal WHO South-East Asia Regio STH soil-transmitted helminthiases B tuberculosis THE total health expenditure UHC universal health coverage United Natio UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNDESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEl United Nations Childrens Fund UNODS United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime WASH water, sanitation and hygiene WHA WHO Western Pacific Region YLD years of healthy life lost due to disability MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs
MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs vii OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OOP out-of-pocket PM particulate matter PPP purchasing power parity R&D research and development SDG Sustainable Development Goal SEAR WHO South-East Asia Region STH soil-transmitted helminthiases TB tuberculosis THE total health expenditure UHC universal health coverage UN United Nations UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNDESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNODS United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime WASH water, sanitation and hygiene WHA World Health Assembly WPR WHO Western Pacific Region YLD years of healthy life lost due to disability
INTRODUCTION he World Health Statistics series is WHOs annual compilation of health statistics for its 194 Member States orld Health Statistics 2016 focuses on the proposed health and health-related Sustainable Development goals (SDGs)and associated targets. It represents an initial effort to bring together available data on SDg health and health-related indicators In the current absence of official goal-level indicators, summary measures of health such as(healthy) life expectancy are used to provide a general assessment of the situation The series is produced by the WHo Department of Information, Evidence and Research, of the health Systems and Innovation Cluster, in collaboration with all relevant technical departments of WHO. As in previous years, World Health Statistics 2016 has been compiled primarily using publications and databases produced and maintained by who or United Nations groups of which WHO is a member, such as the UN Inter-agency group for Child mortality Estimation(IGME) A number of statistics have been derived from data produced and maintained by other international organizations, such as the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs(UNDESA) and its Population Division Unless otherwise stated, all estimates have been cleared following consultation with Member States and are published here as official WHO figures Where necessary the estimates provided have been derived from multiple sources, depending on each indicator and on the availability and quality of data. In many countries, statistical and health information systems are weak and the underlying empirical data may not be available or may be of poor quality Every effort has been made to ensure the best use of country-reported data - adjusted where necessary to deal with missing values, to correct for known biases, and to maximize the comparability of the statistics across countries and over time. In addition, statistical modelling and other techniques have been used to fill data gaps. However, these best estimates have been derived using standard categories and methods to enhance their cross-national comparability. As a result they should not be regarded as the nationally endorsed statistics of Member States which may have been derived using alternative methodologies Because of the weakness of the underlying empirical data in many countries, a number of the indicators presented here are associated with significant uncertainty It is WHo policy to ensure statistical transparency and to make available to users the methods of estimation and the margins of uncertainty for relevant indicators. However, to ensure readability while covering such a comprehensive range of health topics, printed versions of the world Health Statistics series do not include the margins of uncertainty which are instead made available through online who databases such as the global Health Observatory(GHO) While every effort has been made to maximize the comparability of the statistics across countries and over time, users are advised that country data may differ in terms of the definitions, data-collection methods, population coverage and estimation methods used. More information on indicator metadata is available through the global Health observatory 1TheGlobalHealthObservatory(gho)isWho'SportalprovidingaccesstodataandanalysesformonitoringtheglobalhealthsituationSeehttp://www.whoint/gho/en/ WORLD HEALTH STATISTS: 2016
viii WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS: 2016 INTRODUCTION T he World Health Statistics series is WHO’s annual compilation of health statistics for its 194 Member States. World Health Statistics 2016 focuses on the proposed health and health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and associated targets. It represents an initial effort to bring together available data on SDG health and health-related indicators. In the current absence of official goal-level indicators, summary measures of health such as (healthy) life expectancy are used to provide a general assessment of the situation. The series is produced by the WHO Department of Information, Evidence and Research, of the Health Systems and Innovation Cluster, in collaboration with all relevant technical departments of WHO. As in previous years, World Health Statistics 2016 has been compiled primarily using publications and databases produced and maintained by WHO or United Nations groups of which WHO is a member, such as the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME). A number of statistics have been derived from data produced and maintained by other international organizations, such as the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) and its Population Division. Unless otherwise stated, all estimates have been cleared following consultation with Member States and are published here as official WHO figures. Where necessary the estimates provided have been derived from multiple sources, depending on each indicator and on the availability and quality of data. In many countries, statistical and health information systems are weak and the underlying empirical data may not be available or may be of poor quality. Every effort has been made to ensure the best use of country-reported data – adjusted where necessary to deal with missing values, to correct for known biases, and to maximize the comparability of the statistics across countries and over time. In addition, statistical modelling and other techniques have been used to fill data gaps. However, these best estimates have been derived using standard categories and methods to enhance their cross-national comparability. As a result, they should not be regarded as the nationally endorsed statistics of Member States which may have been derived using alternative methodologies. Because of the weakness of the underlying empirical data in many countries, a number of the indicators presented here are associated with significant uncertainty. It is WHO policy to ensure statistical transparency and to make available to users the methods of estimation and the margins of uncertainty for relevant indicators. However, to ensure readability while covering such a comprehensive range of health topics, printed versions of the World Health Statistics series do not include the margins of uncertainty which are instead made available through online WHO databases such as the Global Health Observatory (GHO).1 While every effort has been made to maximize the comparability of the statistics across countries and over time, users are advised that country data may differ in terms of the definitions, data-collection methods, population coverage and estimation methods used. More information on indicator metadata is available through the Global Health Observatory. 1 The Global Health Observatory (GHO) is WHO’s portal providing access to data and analyses for monitoring the global health situation. See: http://www.who.int/gho/en/, accessed 16 April 2016
THE 2030 AGENDA A NEW IMPETUS FOR HEALTH MONITORING In September 2015, the United Nations General Assembly scope, the agenda will require a comprehensive integrated dopted the new development agenda: Transforming approach to sustainable development as well as collective our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. action at all levels. "Leaving no one behind" will be an Comprising 17 Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs), the overarching theme, and addressing inequalities and 2030 Agenda integrates all three dimensions of sustainable discrimination a defining feature development(economic, social and environmental) around the themes of people, planet, prosperity peace and health is centrally positioned within the 2030 Agenda, with partnership. The SDGs recognize that eradicating poverty one comprehensive goal -SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives and and inequality, creating inclusive economic growth and promote well-being for all at all ages-and explicit links to preserving the planet are inextricably linked, not only to many of the other goals. the 2030 Agenda thus has major each other, but also to population health implications for the health sector, and its realization will entail the development of coherent, integrated approaches. Intended to realize the vision of a world that is rights and an emphasis on equity and multisectoral action based, equitable and inclusive, the 2030 Agenda is to be Each of these broad objectives will require debate and implemented in a manner consistent with the existing the generation of new approaches at global, regional and obligations of states under international law. many country levels. 3 governments, institutions and organizations have already started to translate the new agenda into their development SdG 3 includes 13 targets covering all major health priorities, plans, strategies and visions. Encouraging stakeholders to including four targets on the unfinished and expanded work together to promote sustained, inclusive economic Millennium Development Goal (MDG)agenda, four targets growth, social development and environmental protection, to address noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), mental the 2030 Agenda is designed to benefit all Universal in health, injuries and environmental issues, and four"means of-implementation"targets. The target for universal health ARES/66/288. United Nations General Assembly, Sixty-sixth session, agenda item 19 2 Mainstreaming the 2030 agenda for sustainable development Reference guide to Goal on healt thOrganization2015(http:l/ 16/789275118634eng ed=y accesse MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs
MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs 1 1 In September 2015, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the new development agenda: Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development.1 Comprising 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the 2030 Agenda integrates all three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental) around the themes of people, planet, prosperity, peace and partnership. The SDGs recognize that eradicating poverty and inequality, creating inclusive economic growth and preserving the planet are inextricably linked, not only to each other, but also to population health. Intended to realize the vision of a world that is rights based, equitable and inclusive, the 2030 Agenda is to be implemented in a manner consistent with the existing obligations of states under international law. Many governments, institutions and organizations have already started to translate the new agenda into their development plans, strategies and visions.2 Encouraging stakeholders to work together to promote sustained, inclusive economic growth, social development and environmental protection, the 2030 Agenda is designed to benefit all. Universal in 1 The future we want. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 27 July 2012. A/RES/66/288. United Nations General Assembly, Sixty-sixth session, agenda item 19 (http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/66/288, accessed 9 April 2016). 2 Mainstreaming the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Reference guide to UN Country Teams. February 2016. New York (NY): United Nations Development Group; 2015 (https://undg.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/UNDG-Mainstreaming-the-2030- Agenda-Reference-Guide-Final-1-February-2016.pdf, accessed 9 April 2016). scope, the agenda will require a comprehensive, integrated approach to sustainable development, as well as collective action at all levels. “Leaving no one behind” will be an overarching theme, and addressing inequalities and discrimination a defining feature. Health is centrally positioned within the 2030 Agenda, with one comprehensive goal – SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages – and explicit links to many of the other goals. The 2030 Agenda thus has major implications for the health sector, and its realization will entail the development of coherent, integrated approaches, and an emphasis on equity and multisectoral action. Each of these broad objectives will require debate and the generation of new approaches at global, regional and country levels.3 SDG3 includes 13 targets covering all major health priorities, including four targets on the unfinished and expanded Millennium Development Goal (MDG) agenda, four targets to address noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), mental health, injuries and environmental issues, and four “meansof-implementation” targets. The target for universal health 3 Preparing the Region of the Americas to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal on health. Washington (DC): Pan American Health Organization; 2015 (http:// iris.paho.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/10016/9789275118634_eng. pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, accessed 9 April 2016). THE 2030 AGENDA – A NEW IMPETUS FOR HEALTH MONITORING
