Chapter 2Foundation of chemical technology
Chapter 2 Foundation of chemical technology
2.1RawmaterialresourceandprocessingIn the chemical industry, raw materials are convertedinto products for other industries and consumers.The basic raw materials for the chemical industry canbe divided into organic and inorganic materialsInorganic raw materials include air, water, andminerals.Fossil fuels and biomass belong to the class of organicraw materialsThe main raw materials for the chemical industry arethe fossil fuels, i.e. oil (petroleum), natural gas, and coal
2.1 Raw material resource and processing ⚫ In the chemical industry, raw materials are converted into products for other industries and consumers. ⚫ The basic raw materials for the chemical industry can be divided into organic and inorganic materials. ⚫ Inorganic raw materials include air, water, and minerals. ⚫ Fossil fuels and biomass belong to the class of organic raw materials. ⚫ The main raw materials for the chemical industry are the fossil fuels, i.e. oil (petroleum), natural gas, and coal
PetroleumFossilNaturalgasOrganic raw materialsfuelCoalBiomassMineralsInorganic raw materialsAirWater
Petroleum Fossil Natural gas fuel Coal Biomass Minerals Air Water Inorganic raw materials Organic raw materials
一、PetroleumandprocessingThe chemical industry can be conveniently divided into sevensectors（七个领域），e.g.petrochemicals（石油化学品）pharmaceuticals（医药品），specialtychemicals（特殊化学品）agrochemicals（农用化学品），inorganicchemicals（无机化学品），textiles（纺织品），andfinechemicals（精细化学品）：The petrochemicals,bothbase chemicals andintermediates,hold the large market. This is not surprising since they are rawmaterials for all the other sectors except for most of theinorganicchemicals.However, even some inorganic chemicals are producedfrom petrochemicals: ammonia, which is a large volumeinorganic compound, is produced mainly from oil or naturalgas
一、Petroleum and processing ⚫The chemical industry can be conveniently divided into seven sectors（七个领域）, e.g. petrochemicals（石油化学品）, pharmaceuticals（医药品）, specialty chemicals（特殊化学品）, agrochemicals（农用化学品）, inorganic chemicals（无机化学 品）, textiles（纺织品）, and fine chemicals（精细化学品）. ⚫The petrochemicals, both base chemicals and intermediates, hold the large market. This is not surprising since they are raw materials for all the other sectors except for most of the inorganic chemicals. However, even some inorganic chemicals are produced from petrochemicals: ammonia, which is a large volume inorganic compound, is produced mainly from oil or natural gas
Raw materials of 9o% organic chemicalproductscan be summed up as triene triphenyl, ethyne.naphthalin、methanolLoweralkenesethene,propene,butadiene(preparedformoil)Aromaticsbenzene,toluene,xylenes(prepared from oil, natural gas, and coal)
Raw materials of 90% organic chemical products can be summed up as triene、triphenyl、ethyne、 naphthalin、methanol. ⚫ Lower alkenes—ethene, propene, butadiene (prepared form oil) Aromatics—benzene, toluene, xylenes (prepared from oil, natural gas, and coal)
1.CompositionofPetroleumAll three fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, and naturalgas) mainly consist of H and C, a small amount ofhetero-atoms like N, O, S, and metals.Therelative amount of carbon in coal is much largerthan in crude oilMethane(CH4)obviouslyhasthelowestC/Hratioofall hydrocarbons. The ratio for natural gas is verysimilar to that of methane, because methane is themajorhydrocarbon present
1. Composition of Petroleum ⚫All three fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, and natural gas) mainly consist of H and C, a small amount of hetero-atoms like N, O, S, and metals. ⚫The relative amount of carbon in coal is much larger than in crude oil. ⚫Methane (CH4) obviously has the lowest C/H ratio of all hydrocarbons. The ratio for natural gas is very similar to that of methane, because methane is the major hydrocarbon present
The composition of crude oil (petroleum)is much morecomplex than that of naturalgas. It is complex mixture of gas,liguid,and solidhydrocarboncompoundsNevertheless,theelementscomposition ofcrudeoil variesoverarathernarrow range(C 83-87%,H11-14%,N 0.02-1.7%,00.08-1.82%,S0.02-5.5%)The high fraction of C and H suggests that crude oil consists ofhydrocarbonCrudeoilcontainsalkanes,cycloalkanes(naphthenes)aromatics,sulfur-containing compounds,nitrogen-containingcompounds,oxygen-containingcompounds,胶质gelatine,沥青asphalt etc
⚫ The composition of crude oil (petroleum) is much more complex than that of natural gas. It is complex mixture of gas, liquid, and solid hydrocarbon compounds. ⚫ Nevertheless, the elements composition of crude oil varies over a rather narrow range (C 83-87%, H 11-14%, N 0.02-1.7%, O 0.08-1.82%, S 0.02-5.5%). ⚫ The high fraction of C and H suggests that crude oil consists of hydrocarbon. ⚫ Crude oil contains alkanes, cycloalkanes (naphthenes), aromatics, sulfur-containing compounds, nitrogen-containing compounds, oxygen-containing compounds, 胶质gelatine, 沥青 asphalt etc
alkanes,hydrocarbonscycloalkanesaromaticssulfur-containingcompoundsnon-hydrocarbonsnitrogen-containing compoundsoxygen-containing compoundsgelatine, asphalt>polycyclic hydrocarbons,etc
⚫ hydrocarbons ⚫ non-hydrocarbons ⚫ gelatine, asphalt alkanes, cycloalkanes aromatics sulfur-containing compounds nitrogen-containing compounds oxygen-containing compounds polycyclic hydrocarbons, etc
HydrocarbonsChain saturated hydrocarbon:Ci-C4 alkanes are gas state, Cs-Ci6 alkanes are liquid state,Ci7and Ci7abovealkanes are solid state.Cycloalkanes:Cycloalkanes are often called naphthenes.In general they arethe monocyclic ring structure of five-membered ring and six-membered ring.Aromatics:Benzene、Toluene、Xylenes、EthylbenzeneOtherbenzenederivatives;Naphthalin and derivatives,Diphenyl aromatics;Condensed aromatics
Hydrocarbons ⚫ Chain saturated hydrocarbon: C1~C4 alkanes are gas state, C5~C16 alkanes are liquid state, C17 and C17 above alkanes are solid state. ⚫ Cycloalkanes： Cycloalkanes are often called naphthenes. In general they are the monocyclic ring structure of five-membered ring and sixmembered ring. ⚫ Aromatics: Benzene、Toluene、Xylenes、Ethyl benzene、Other benzene derivatives; Naphthalin and derivatives、Diphenyl aromatics； Condensed aromatics
Non-hydrocarbonsSulfides:Sulfuralcohol, Sulfoether,Disulfide,Thiophene and derivativesNitrides:Pyridine, quinoline, pyrroleOxygen-containingcompoundsNaphthenic acid, Phenols and very small amount offatty acidsOrganometalliccompoundsGelatineandAsphalt
Non-hydrocarbons ⚫ Sulfides: Sulfur alcohol，Sulfoether，Disulfide， Thiophene and derivatives ⚫ Nitrides: Pyridine, quinoline, pyrrole ⚫ Oxygen-containing compounds Naphthenic acid，Phenols and very small amount of fatty acids ⚫ Organometallic compounds Gelatine and Asphalt