国家开放大学：2013—2014学年第一学期“开放本科”英语专业高级职业英语期末试题（1月）.pdf_大学文库

The library is on the first floor,too small for our needs.There is only one (17) and one library assistant.There is also a tiny sick bay.I don't think it's used much (18) I mean we don't have a special (19) officer or anything.And I once(20) a couple of boys in there smoking! SectionⅡ：Reading Test 50 points Instructions: O There are three parts to the test,each including one reading passage. The test will take approximately 40 minutes. There will be NO extra time to transfer answers to the Answer Sheet;therefore,you should write ALL your answers on the Answer Sheet as you do each task. Part 1:Questions 21-30 are based on the following passage. 20 points Passage 1 Changes in University Education Universities around the world are undergoing major changes.Government policies now require universities to become more cost efficient,entrepreneurial and less dependent on public funding.There are three views about the outcome of these processes.The first view is that universities are now much more efficient.The second is that although universities needed to improve efficiency the changes have been unnecessarily far-reaching and severe. The third view is that the changes have wreaked havoc in several fundamental areas of university activity such as the curriculum,teaching,research and administration.Here we will examine the impact of changes on the lecturing staff. Traditionally the main,and often only,qualification for teaching has been a Ph.D.in the academic's specialized field,even if that specialist had few teaching skills.Now,a professional teaching qualification is an essential requirement when academics apply for promotion or tenure.In addition,today the academic must show evidence of teaching ability.In earlier times,whilst there was no formal assessment of the effectiveness of teaching,primitive informal assessments did exist.Today,with the introduction of commercialization processes into universities,the student has been re-named the customer".Because the student/customer is paying for an education she or he has the right to make a judgment about the "product"being offered.Now student assessments of the lecturer's performance are based upon anonymous questionnaires,administered by staff development departments of universities. 92

The library is on the first floor , too small for our needs. There is only one (17) and one library assistant. There is also a tiny sick bay. I don' t think it' s used much (1 8 ) once (20) . I mean we don' t have a special (19) a couple of boys in there smoking! officer or anything. And I Section II : Reading Test 50 points Instructions: • There are three parts to the test , each including one reading passage. • The test will take approximately 40 minutes. There will be NO extra time to transfer answers to the Answer Sheet; therefore , you should write ALL your answers on the Answer Sheet as you do each task. Part 1: Qu臼tions 21-30 are based on the following 吨e. 描踊 1 Changes in University Education 20 points Universities around the world are undergoing major changes. Government policies now require universities to become more cost efficient , entrepreneurial and less dependent on public funding. There are three views about the outcome of these processes. The first view is that universities are now much more efficient. The second is that although universities needed to improve efficiency the changes have been unnecessarily far-reaching and severe. The third view is that the changes have wreaked havoc in several fundamental areas of university activity such as the curriculum, teaching , research and administration. Here we will examine the impact of changes on the lecturing staff. Traditionally the main , and often only , qualification for teaching has been a Ph. D. in the academic' s specialized field , even if that specialist had few teaching skills. Now , a professional teaching qualification is an essential requirement when academics apply for promotion or tenure. In addition , today the academic must show evidence of teaching ability. In earlier times, whilst there was no formal assessment of the effectiveness of teaching , primitive informal assessments did exist. Today , with the introduction of commercialization processes into universities, the student has been re-named "the customer". Because the student/customer is paying for an education she or he has the right to make a judgment about the "product" being offered. Now student assessments of the lecturer' s performance are based upon anonymous questionnaires, administered by staff development departments of universities. 92

Senior university managers and the people who administer the assessment measures in universities believe in the objectivity,reliability,validity and usefulness of the measurement procedures.Lecturers are more critical saying that four factors undermine the reliability of student responses. First,students must complete a four or five page questionnaire six or more times a year and some students become more cynical with each questionnaire.Second,the questionnaires are usually completed late in the semester when many student essays/assignments are due. Thus hasty,sometimes ill-considered assessments are made. Third,one subject may be a first year compulsory course with 200 or more students, whilst another is taken by only ten students,all of whom have chosen the course because it is of interest to them.Such variations undermine the principle of reliability of measurement techniques. Fourth,it is well established in organizational studies that whenever performance measures are introduced an improvement is recorded.One reason for this is that the person being measured is able to manipulate the account of the performance.Academics have been known to introduce strategies such as inflating the marking of student papers,or introducing a lengthy lecture/tutorial break for coffee (paid for by the lecturer).These strategies can produce a positive,but false,image of the lecturer's teaching ability. Question 21-30:Mark the following statements as T (true)or F(false). 21.There are pressures on universities to become less dependent on public funding. 22.University changes are affecting the curriculum,teaching,research and administration, 23.The article discusses the impact of changes on the lecturers,students and administrators. 24.The changes have led to all-round commercialization within universities. 25.Today students are treated more like customers. 26.University lecturers have always had to have teaching qualifications. 27.Prior to the current changes,the teaching of university lecturers was not subjected to any forms of assessment. 28.Senior university managers have faith in the objectivity and reliability of current assessment techniques. 29.Senior university lecturers believe that the assessment measures are useful. 30.Academics may use some strategies in organizational studies which can produce a positive,but false,image of the lecturer's teaching ability. 93

Senior university managers and the people who administer the assessment measures in universities believe in the objectivity, reliability , validity and usefulness of the measurement procedures. Lecturers are more critical saying that four factors undermine the reliability of student responses. First , students must complete a four or five page questionnaire six or more times a year and some students become more cynical with each questionnaire. Second, the questionnaires are usually completed late in the semester when many student essays/assignments are due. Thus hasty , sometimes ill-considered assessments are made. Third, one subject may be a first year compulsory course with 200 or more students, whilst another is taken by only ten students, all of whom have chosen the course because it is of interest to them. Such variations undermine the principle of reliability of measurement techniques. Fourth , it is well established in organizational studies that whenever performance measures are introduced an improvement is recorded. One reason for this is that the person being measured is able to manipulate the account of the performance. Academics have been known to introduce strategies such as inflating the "marking of student papers, or introducing a lengthy lecture/tutorial break for coffee (paid for by the lecturer). These strategies can produce a positive , but false , image of the lecturer's teaching ability. Qu四tion 21-30: Mark the following statements as T (true) or F (false). 21. There are pressures on universities to become less dependent on public funding. 22. University changes are affecting the curriculum , teaching , research and administration. 23. The article discusses the impact of changes on the lecturers, students and administrators. 24. The changes have led to all-round commercialization within universities. 25. Tdc:lay students are treated more like customers. 26. University lecturers have always had to have teaching qualifications. 27. Prior to the current changes, the teaching of university lecturers was not subjected to any forms of assessment. 28. Senior university managers have faith in the objectivity and reliability of current assessment techniques. 29. Senior university lecturers believe that the assessment measures are useful. 30. Academics may use some strategies in organizational studies which can produce a positive , but false , image of the lecturer's teaching ability. 93

Part 2:Questions 31-35 are based on this part. 10 points Passage 2 Supply Teachers not at Fault Supply teachers don't always do a great job-but it's not their fault.They need support and professional training. Almost one in 10 registered teachers in service is a supply teacher.Their roles range from covering occasional absence to filling long-term vacancies.Their employment spans regular and individual arrangements with particular schools to supply agency placement at short notice.Many are excellent and experienced teachers,often women,who have left full-time work to have a family and for whom this is a positive career move. A consistent feature is that no one is responsible ultimately for ensuring supply teachers'professional training,development and updating,essential for high-quality teaching. The effect of poor teaching on children's progress can be enormous and can affect a whole class'attainment.The need to focus attention and resources,and to take much more seriously the quality of supply teaching,is highlighted in Ofsted's latest annual report:"the quality of the teaching of a significant proportion of temporary teachers,including supply teachers,remains a cause for concern",and "temporary teachers teach a significantly higher proportion of unsatisfactory or poor lessons than permanent teachers". It is quite wrong to blame supply teachers.They are fulfilling a vital role,especially in schools with staffing shortages,and are likely to be teaching outside their expertise. They may also be teaching outside their preferred age group in classes that may have had previous teacher turnover and in schools having difficulty attracting and keeping teachers.In other words,they are working in some of the most challenging circumstances and need professional support. Issues that make up the complex job of teaching-lesson preparation,differentiation of teaching to meet different learning needs,classroom management,dealing with challenging behavior-become much harder when you face an unknown class in an unfamiliar school without secure subject knowledge. The issue of unqualified teachers should be approached sensitively.In identifying the shortcomings of some unqualified teachers we need to ensure that all teachers are equipped with adequate subject knowledge and behavior management skills. 94

Part 2: Qu四tions 31-35 are based on this part. 描阳 2 10 points Supply Teachers not at Fault Supply teachers don' t always do a great job-but it's not their fault. They need support and professional training. Almost one in 10 registered teachers in service is a supply teacher. Their roles range from covering occasional absence to filling long-term vacancies. Their employment spans regular and individual arrangements with particular schools to supply agency placement at short notice. Many are excellent and experienced teachers, often women , who have left full-time work to have a family and for whom this is a positive career move. A consistent feature is that no one is responsible ultimately for ensuring supply teachers' professional training , development and updating , essential for high-quality teaching. The effect of poor teaching on children' s progress can be enormous and can affect a whole class' attainment. The need to focus attention and resources, and to take much more seriously the quality of supply teaching , is highlighted in Ofsted's latest annual report: "the qualityof the teaching of a significant proportion of temporary teachers, including supply teachers, remains a cause for concern" , and "temporary teachers teach a significantly higher proportion of unsatisfactory or poor lessons than permanent teachers". It is quite wrong to blame supply teachers. They are fulfilling a vital role , especially in schools with staffing shortages, and are likely to be teaching outside their expertise. They may also be teaching outside their preferred age group in classes that may have had previous teacher turnover and in schools having difficulty attracting and keeping teachers. In other words, they are working in some of the most challenging circumstances and need professional support. Issues that make up the complex job of teaching-lesson preparation , differentiation of teaching to meet different learning needs, classroom management , dealing with challenging behavior-become much harder when you face an unknown class in an unfamiliar school without secure subject knowledge. The issue of unqualified teachers should be approached sensitively. In identifying the shortcomings of some unqualified teachers we need to ensure that all teachers are equipped with adequate subject knowledge and behavior management skills. 94

Part 3:Questions 36-40 are based on this part. 20 points Passage 3 Sleepless in America America's adults are increasingly living unhealthy and sometimes antisocial lifestyles.. Instead of working to live,they are living to work.They report spending more time working and less time sleeping and being engaged in social and leisure activities than they did just five years ago.Most say they suffer from sleep problems and when they go to sleep,many sleep alone even if they are married. These are some of the findings of the 2001 Sleep in America poll,which looks at the relationship between Americans'lifestyles,sleep habits and sleep problems.Sleep deprivation continues to be widespread in America.According to the poll,a majority of American adults(63%)does not get the recommended eight hours of sleep needed for good health.In fact,nearly one-third (31%)report sleeping less than seven hours each week night.The poll also shows that more than one-third of Americans say they get less sleep now than five years ago.Seven in 10(69%)say they experience frequent sleep problems and most say they would sleep more if they believed it would benefit their overall health and well-being. One positive finding was that many people don't want to give up any more sleep in spite of their busy lives.On the downside,however,far too many adults still sacrifice sleep, which is unhealthy and counterproductive to their lives.One reason for this is the increasingly fast-paced and competitive world in which life is placing growing pressure on people to perform in their jobs and relationships.Poll coordinators say the greatest difficulty lies in educating Americans that a good night's sleep every night,and not just on weekends or holidays,is essential. Children can be a detriment to a good night's sleep and be a catalyst for sleep-related problems.The poll shows that sleep problems occur more in households with children 18 years of age and younger.Married people with children average sleep less during the week than those without children (6.7 vs.7.2 hours/night),and single people without children (7.1 hrs.)Adults with children are more likely to report symptoms of insomnia (trouble falling asleep)than those without children (58%vs.46%).They also experience more daytime sleepiness that interferes with daily activities a few days a month or more(50%vs. 32%).More than one in ten married adults(12%)with children reports often sleeping with a child and the majority of these adults (81%)reports a sleep problem. 96

Part 3: Qn臼lions 36-40 are based on this part. Passage 3 20 points Sleepless in America America's adults are increasingly living unhealthy and sometimes antisocial lifestyles. . Instead of working to live , they are living to work. They report spending more time working and less time sleeping and being engaged in social and leisure activities than they did just five years ago. Most say they suffer from sleep problems and when they go to sleep , many sleep alone even if they are married. These are some of the findings of the 2001 Sleep in America poll , which looks at the relationship between Americans' lifestyles, sleep habits and sleep problems. Sleep deprivation continues to be widespread in America. According to the poll , a majority of American adults (63 % ) does not get the recommended eight hours of sleep needed for good health. In fact , nearly one-third (31%) report sleeping less than seven hours each week night. The poll also shows that more than one-third of Americans say they get less sleep now than five years ago. Seven in 10 (69 %) say they experience frequent sleep problems and most say they would sleep more if they believed it would benefit their overall health and well-being. One positive finding was that many people don't want to give up any more sleep in spite of their busy lives. On the downside , however, far too many adults still sacrifice sleep , which is unhealthy and counterproductive to their lives. One reason for this is the increasingly fast-paced and competitive world in which life is placing growing pressure on people to perform in their jobs and relationships. Poll coordinators say the greatest difficulty lies in educating Americans that a good night's sleep every night , and not just on weekends or holidays, is essential. Children can be a detriment to a good night' s sleep and be a catalyst for sleep-related problems. The poll shows that sleep problems occur more in households with children 18 years of age and younger. Married people with children average sleep less during the week than those without children (6. 7 vs. 7.2 hours/night) , and single people without children (7.1 hrs.). Adults with children are more likely to report symptoms of insomnia (trouble falling asleep) than those without children (58% vs. 46%). They also experience more daytime sleepiness that interferes with daily activities a few days a month or more (50% vs. 32 %). More than one in ten married adults (12%) with children reports often sleeping with a child and the majority of these adu