Nuclear.envelopexNuclearpoChapter 7 Nucleuspl.nucleiPrefaceuclearmiatrxNucleopsm Size: 5-10μum(high animal); 5-20μm(High plant)Volume ratio of nucleus to cytoplasm:l:10 (9) Shape:Spherical or ovalDNA and associatedproteins (chromatin) Contain:4 subunitsendoolasmicreticulumnucleolus·Nuclear Envelope Chromatincentrosome?NucleolusmicrotubuleintermediateNuclearMatrix (nuclearskeleton)filamentsnuclearlaminanuclearporeouter nuclear membranenuclear envelope1uminner nuclear membrane
Size: 5-10µm(high animal); 5-20µm(High plant) Volume ratio of nucleus to cytoplasm: 1:10 (9) Shape: Spherical or oval Contain: 4 subunits • Nuclear Envelope • Chromatin • Nucleolus • Nuclear Matrix (nuclear skeleton) Preface Chapter 7 Nucleus pl. nuclei
OuternuclearmembraneNuciearenvelopNuclearlaminaInnernuclearmembraneNucleolusPerinuclearspaceChromatinRibosomesSectionl. Nuclear envelopeI.NuclearmembraneII.Nuclearporecomplex(NPC)I.NuclearlaminaSection2.ChromatinSection3.ChromosomeNuclearporesCYTOSOLSection4.Nucleolus &Nuclear Matrix/skeletonRoughER
Section1. Nuclear envelope I. Nuclear membrane II. Nuclear pore complex (NPC) III. Nuclear lamina Section2. Chromatin Section3. Chromosome Section4. Nucleolus & Nuclear Matrix/skeleton
Section 3. Chromosome梁色单体I. Structure随体1. Four types: see the right短臂(p)II+次缝痕着丝粒主继痕）1长臂(g)12. Main subunits:亚端着丝粒端着丝粒中着丝粒亚中着丝粒2.1 Centromere:染色体染色体染色体染色体Centrosome(1) Definition: The highly constricted region of achromosome that is the position at which thepair of chromatids are held together.Primaryconstriction（主痕）
I. Structure Section 3. Chromosome 1. Four types: see the right 2. Main subunits: 2.1 Centromere: Primary constriction (主缢痕) (1) Definition: The highly constricted region of a chromosome that is the position at which the pair of chromatids are held together. Centrosome
(2) Function:EServe both as linker sites of sister chromatids, and as attachment sites艺①②formicrotubulesofthemitoticspindle（有丝分裂纺锤体微管）A美(3) Composition:CentromereDNA,Centromereassociatedproteins
(2) Function: Serve both as linker sites of sister chromatids, and as attachment sites for microtubules of the mitotic spindle. (3) Composition: Centromere DNA; Centromere associated proteins. ① ② （有丝分裂纺锤体微管）
(4)Subunits:3主要+1次要inner-outer①Pairing domain:Theinteraction siteforMetaphasechromatids(sisterchromatids)Includetwotypesofproteins:INCENP(innercentromereproteins):CLIP(chromatidlinkingproteins) These two types of proteins are responsible for the paring of chromatids配对结构域中央结构域着丝粒动粒结构域（主缢痕）y染色体臀着丝粒的结构域组织
(4) Subunits: 3主要+1次要 inner outer ① Pairing domain: The interaction site for Metaphase chromatids (sister chromatids). Include two types of proteins: INCENP (inner centromere proteins); CLIP (chromatid linking proteins). These two types of proteins are responsible for the paring of chromatids
配对结构域②Centraldomain:中央结构域Composed ofhighlyrepeated satelliteDNA动粒结构域(CentromereDNA)③kinetochoredomain（动粒/着丝点）PlusendofmicrotubuleswhereKinetochoreSubunitsareaddedorlostOuterkinetochoreplate口Innerplate（内板）DyneinMiddlespace/interzone（中间间隙）Microtubule口Outerplate（外板）CentramericMicrotubuleheterochromatir(microtubule)Fibrous+MTcoronaFibrouscorona：coronafiber（微管蛋白）(纤维冠）Inner plateCENP-EInterzoneOuterplateCoronafiber(b)(c)
③ kinetochore domain: Composed of highly repeated satellite DNA. ② Central domain： (Centromere DNA) (动粒/着丝点) Inner plate（内板） Middle space/interzone (中间间隙) Outer plate（外板） (microtubule) ④ Fibrouscorona: corona fiber（微管蛋白） （纤维冠）
Centromere formationeLeLR配对结构城H动粒结构←着丝粒DNAD卖店A中央结构城福A
着丝粒DNA 配对结构域 中央结构域 动粒结构域 Centromere formation
次缢痕2.2 Secondary constriction:P280,282M主痕浅染缢缩？由于染色体DNA上基因转录，折叠晚了。导致折叠压缩程度不高，吸附染料较少。(没有跟上大部队)着丝粒蛋白特异标记什么基因？
2.2 Secondary constriction: 次缢痕 着丝粒蛋白特异标记 浅染缢缩？ 由于染色体DNA上基 因转录，折叠晚了。 导致折叠压缩程度不 高，吸附染料较少。 (没有跟上大部队) 主缢痕 什么基因？ P280,282
某些次继痕是rRNA(5srRNA除外)基因的所在部位。则次缢痕与间期细胞核内核仁形成有关（组织者）。故，这些次缢痕又称核仁组织区(nucleolarorganizingregion，NOR）。次痕可作为染色体的“鉴定标记”rRNA基因?ForthereasonthattherRNA(excluding5srRNA)genesare(5srRNA外)locatedhereandtheyareinvolvedinribosomesbiogenesis.These secondary constrictionsarealsocalledas NOR28S、18S和5.8SC
For the reason that the rRNA (excluding 5srRNA) genes are located here and they are involved in ribosomes biogenesis. These secondary constrictions are also called as NOR. 某些次缢痕是rRNA(5srRNA除外)基因的所在部位。 则次缢痕与间期细胞核内核仁形成有关（组织者）。 故，这些次缢痕又称核仁组织区(nucleolar organizing region，NOR) 。 次缢痕可作为染色体的“鉴定标记”。 rRNA基因？ (5srRNA外) 28S、18S和5.8S
satellite2.3 Satellite:随体secondaryconstriction（次继痕）(nucleolar organizing region, NOR) A spherical segment at the end of a chromosome.Primaryconstriction（主痕）(centromere)
2.3 Satellite: 随体 A spherical segment at the end of a chromosome. secondary constriction (次缢痕) (nucleolar organizing region, NOR) (centromere) Primary constriction (主缢痕) satellite