第四章昆虫的生物学与生活史 Biology and Life History Adult: the last stage of insects, ontogeny 成虫昆虫个体发育中的最后一个虫态
第四章 昆虫的生物学与生活史 Biology and Life History Adult:the last stage of insects, ontogeny. 成虫昆虫个体发育中的最后一个虫态
第一节成虫生物学 Biology 羽化 adult emergence
第一节 成虫生物学Biology ⚫ 一、羽化 adult emergence
性二型与多型现象 Sexual Dimorphism and polymorphism ●1、性二型 sexual dimorphism ●体型、大小、颜色、翅的有无等方面 锹甲、独角仙、介壳虫、蚊子、蝴蝶、蛾子
二、性二型与多型现象 Sexual Dimorphism and Polymorphism ⚫ 1、性二型sexual dimorphism ⚫ 体型、大小、颜色、翅的有无等方面 ⚫ 锹甲、独角仙、介壳虫、蚊子、蝴蝶、蛾子
2、多型现象 Polymorphism o Polymorphism: the existence of several distinct forms of the same life stage of an organism o Locusts, some caterpillars, castes of social insects, alary polymorphism in crickets, aphids and other Homoptera, and color polymorphism of butterflies are examples of insect polymorphism
2、多型现象Polymorphism ⚫ Polymorphism: the existence of several distinct forms of the same life stage of an organism. ⚫ Locusts, some caterpillars, castes of social insects, alary polymorphism in crickets, aphids and other Homoptera, and color polymorphism of butterflies are examples of insect polymorphism
●(1) Genetic polymorphism遗传多型性 等翅目、蜜蜂、蚂蚁、蚜虫(有翅蚜、无翅蚜 .(2)Environmental polymorphism or polyphenism phenotype环境多型性或非遗传多型性 蝴蝶的季节型(春型、夏型) UMM AL QIWAIN
⚫ (1) Genetic polymorphism遗传多型性 ⚫ 等翅目、蜜蜂、蚂蚁、蚜虫(有翅蚜、无翅蚜) ⚫ (2) Environmental polymorphism or polyphenism – phenotype环境多型性或非遗传多型性 ⚫ 蝴蝶的季节型(春型、夏型)
三、 life of adult成虫的生活 o After the imago emerges, it may be reproductively competent almost immediately or there may be a period of maturation in readiness for sperm transfer or oviposition 1、生殖前期 Nutrition complement 2、生殖期 control of maturing性成熟的控制 courting求偶行为 mating交配行为 oviposition产卵 o Life span of insects(longevity)
三、life of adult 成虫的生活 ⚫ After the imago emerges, it may be reproductively competent almost immediately or there may be a period of maturation in readiness for sperm transfer or oviposition. – 1、生殖前期 ⚫ Nutrition complement – 2、生殖期 ⚫ control of maturing性成熟的控制 ⚫ courting求偶行为 ⚫ mating交配行为 ⚫ oviposition产卵 ⚫ Life span of insects (longevity)
第二节昆虫的世代和生活史 generation and life history 世代与生活史 世代 generation:一个新个体从母体产生到发育成熟、产 生新个体的周期。 化性 voltinism: The number of generation per year昆虫一年 内完成的世代数。 ● univoltine insects一化性 ● bivoltine insects二化性 ● multivoltine, or polyvoltine insects多化性 Life history 代生活史 Generational life history:一种昆虫完成一代的发育历程 年生活史 annual life history:一种昆虫在一年内的发育历程
第二节 昆虫的世代和生活史 generation and life history ⚫ 一、世代与生活史 – 世代generation:一个新个体从母体产生到发育成熟、产 生新个体的周期。 – 化性voltinism:The number of generation per year.昆虫一年 内完成的世代数。 ⚫ univoltine insects一化性 ⚫ bivoltine insects二化性 ⚫ multivoltine, or polyvoltine insects多化性 – Life history ⚫ 代生活史Generational life history:一种昆虫完成一代的发育历程。 ⚫ 年生活史annual life history:一种昆虫在一年内的发育历程
●生活史的表示方法:教材244~225页 ●世代重叠 Generation overlapping 前后两个世代的出现期发生部分重叠 局部世代 partial generation 世代交替 alternation of generations 两性世代与若干孤雌生殖世代相交替的现象 ●年生活史研究的意义及内容 越冬虫态及场所 年发生代数 每一代各虫态发生的时间历期 生活习性及与寄主植物发育的关系
⚫ 生活史的表示方法:教材244~225页。 ⚫ 世代重叠Generation overlapping – 前后两个世代的出现期发生部分重叠 – 局部世代partial generation ⚫ 世代交替alternation of generations – 两性世代与若干孤雌生殖世代相交替的现象 ⚫ 年生活史研究的意义及内容 – 越冬虫态及场所 – 一年发生代数 – 每一代各虫态发生的时间历期 – 生活习性及与寄主植物发育的关系
休眠与滞育 (1)休眠 dormancy( aestivation or hibernation) any period of suspended development induced directly by the arrival adverse condition.直接由不良 的环境条件引起的生长发育停滞现象 high summer or low winter temperatures, drought, absence ofod低温、干旱、乏食 An insect usually enters or terminates dormancy very quickly when the adverse conditions arrives or ends. tx 件好转时可立即恢复 ●休眠虫态 dormancy form:egg, larval( nymphal) stage pupal stage, adult stage
二、休眠与滞育 ⚫ (1)休眠dormancy (aestivation or hibernation) – Any period of suspended development induced directly by the arrival adverse condition.直接由不良 的环境条件引起的生长发育停滞现象。 ⚫ high summer or low winter temperatures, drought, absence of food 低温、干旱、乏食 ⚫ An insect usually enters or terminates dormancy very quickly when the adverse conditions arrives or ends. 在条 件好转时可立即恢复 ⚫ 休眠虫态dormancy form:egg, larval (nymphal) stage, pupal stage, adult stage
(2)滞育 Diapause Diapause: Delayed development independent of environmental conditions. It is usually controlled by diapause hormone为了抵抗不良环境条件而由滞育激 素(遗传)控制的发育停滞现象。为主动诱导产生 (多为不良环境因子间接引发所致)。 Diapauses differs markedly from quiescence dormancy Because an insect enters diapause usually some time in advance of the adverse conditions and terminates dispause after the conditions have ended滞育一般在不 良环境因子发生之前及开始;一旦滞育,即使给予最 适条件也不能马上恢复—必须完成滞育发育
– (2)滞育Diapause • Diapause: Delayed development independent of environmental conditions.It is usually controlled by diapause hormone.为了抵抗不良环境条件而由滞育激 素(遗传)控制的发育停滞现象。为主动诱导产生 (多为不良环境因子间接引发所致)。 • Diapauses differs markedly from quiescence dormancy. Because an insect enters diapause usually some time in advance of the adverse conditions and terminates dispause after the conditions have ended.滞育一般在不 良环境因子发生之前及开始;一旦滞育,即使给予最 适条件也不能马上恢复——必须完成滞育发育