第五章昆虫的习性与行为 Habits and behavior
第五章 昆虫的习性与行为 Habits and Behavior
昼夜节律与季节性 circadian and seasonal rhythm ● Diurnal insects日出性昆虫:蝴蝶 ● Nocturnal Insects夜出性昆虫:蛾子 ● Crepuscular Insects弱光性昆虫:摇蚊
一、昼夜节律与季节性 circadian and seasonal rhythm ⚫ Diurnal Insects日出性昆虫：蝴蝶 ⚫ Nocturnal Insects夜出性昆虫：蛾子 ⚫ Crepuscular Insects弱光性昆虫：摇蚊
二、食性 feeding habits 植食性 phytophagy,草食性 herbivory Phytophagous insects feed on primary producers the algae and higher plants ●多食性 polyphagy: generalists that feed on many plant groups取食多个科的植物 舞毒蛾可以吃485种植物 ●寡食性 oligophagy: feed on few plant taxa.只取食单科 植物 单食性 monophagy: feed on one plant taxon.只取食 二种植物
二、食性feeding habits ⚫ 1、植食性phytophagy, 草食性herbivory – Phytophagous insects feed on primary producers, the algae and higher plants. ⚫ 多食性polyphagy：generalists that feed on many plant groups.取食多个科的植物 – 舞毒蛾可以吃485种植物 ⚫ 寡食性oligophagy：feed on few plant taxa.只取食单科 植物 ⚫ 单食性monophagy：feed on one plant taxon. 只取食一、 二种植物
2、肉食性 carnivorous Prey- predators螳螂捕蝉 寄生者 parasites ● parasitoids类寄生 Ectoparasitoids外寄生 ● endoparasitoids内寄生 单寄生、聚寄生 原寄生、重寄生
⚫ 2、肉食性carnivorous – Prey - predators 螳螂捕蝉 – 寄生者parasites ⚫ parasitoids 类寄生 ⚫ Ectoparasitoids外寄生 ⚫ endoparasitoids内寄生 ⚫ 单寄生、聚寄生 ⚫ 原寄生、重寄生
●3、腐食性 Saprophagous An eater of decaying organisms 尸食性 ●粪食性 4、杂食性 omnivorous insects 动植物材料均可取食
⚫ 3、腐食性Saprophagous – An eater of decaying organisms. ⚫ 尸食性 ⚫ 粪食性 ⚫ 4、杂食性 omnivorous insects – 动植物材料均可取食
●5、蜡食性wax- eating insects:大蜡螟 ●6、菌食性 Fungivorous Insects Some larvae of grain moth and geometers-些谷蛾 尺蛾等 Leaf-cutter ants
⚫ 5、蜡食性wax-eating insects：大蜡螟 ⚫ 6、菌食性Fungivorous Insects ⚫ Some larvae of grain moth and geometers一些谷蛾、 尺蛾等 ⚫ Leaf-cutter ants
非随意应激性 Kinesis和趋性 Taxis The integration of multiple reflexes associated with movement of insect may be divisible into: kinesis (pl kineses )and taxis(pl taxes) ●(一)非随意应激性 kinesis(pl. kineses) in which unorientated action varies according to stimulus Intensity Kineses included akinesis unstimulated lack of movement,orthokinesis, in which speed depends upon stimulus intensity and klinokinesis, which is a random walk with course changes(turns) being made when unfavourable stimuli are perceived and with the frequency of turns depending on the intensity of the stimulus.无变应激性、正态应激性、偏态应激性
三、 非随意应激性Kinesis和趋性Taxis ⚫ The integration of multiple reflexes associated with movement of insect may be divisible into: kinesis (pl. kineses) and taxis (pl. taxes). ⚫ （一）非随意应激性kinesis (pl. kineses): in which unorientated action varies according to stimulus intensity. – Kineses included akinesis, unstimulated lack of movement, orthokinesis, in which speed depends upon stimulus intensity, and klinokinesis, which is a ‘random walk’ with course changes (turns) being made when unfavourable stimuli are perceived and with the frequency of turns depending on the intensity of the stimulus. 无变应激性、正态应激性、偏态应激性
二)趋性axis(p. taxes. An orientated movement of an organism Taxes can be divided into positive taxis and negative taxis by the movement being directl towards or away from the stimulus分为正趋性 负趋性 1、趋光性 phototaxis( (light 飞蛾投灯 light trapping 黑光灯诱虫 蚜虫:黄色光 一蝴蝶:橙、红、黄
⚫ （二）趋性Taxis (pl. taxes): An orientated movement of an organism. – Taxes can be divided into positive taxis and negative taxis by the movement being directly towards or away from the stimulus.分为正趋性、 负趋性 ⚫ 1、趋光性phototaxis (light) – 飞蛾投灯light trapping – 黑光灯诱虫 – 蚜虫：黄色光 – 蝴蝶：橙、红、黄
趋化性 chemotaxis( taste and odour) 十字花科(含芥苷):蚜虫、蝶类 Pseudocopulation: The attempted copulation of an insect with a flower 甜味(糖醋液): A sweet fermenting mixture of alcohol plus brown sugar or molasses can be used as baits to lure night-flying insects, a method termed sugaring 腐臭味 性信息激素(性诱剂 Pheromone mass trapping. 3、趋湿性 Hygrotaxis( moisture) ●4、趋流性 Rheotaxis( water current) 5、趋地性 Geotaxis( gravity) ●6、趋声性 Phonotaxis( sound) 7、趋温性 Thermotaxis( temperature) ●8、趋气流性 Anemotaxis( air current) ●9、趋星性 Astrotaxis( solar, lunar or astral)
⚫ 2、趋化性chemotaxis ( taste and odour) – 十字花科（含芥苷）：蚜虫、蝶类 Pseudocopulation:The attempted copulation of an insect with a flower. – 甜味（糖醋液）：A sweet fermenting mixture of alcohol plus brown sugar or molasses can be used as baits to lure night-flying insects, a method termed ‘sugaring’. – .腐臭味 – 性信息激素（性诱剂Pheromone mass trapping） ⚫ 3、趋湿性Hygrotaxis (moisture) ⚫ 4、趋流性Rheotaxis (water current) ⚫ 5、趋地性Geotaxis (gravity) ⚫ 6、趋声性Phonotaxis (sound) ⚫ 7、趋温性Thermotaxis (temperature) ⚫ 8、趋气流性Anemotaxis (air current) ⚫ 9、趋星性Astrotaxis (solar, lunar or astral)
四、群集性 Aggregation ● population种群、 colony集群 ● Provisionality aggregation临时性群集:灯下的飞蛾 ● seasonal aggregation季节性群集:蝗虫 ● permanent aggregation永久性群集: honey bees ants(social insects-division of labour) ●意义 有利于改变小气候 共同合作取食 共同防御天敌 有利于繁殖和个体发育 共同迁徙
四、群集性Aggregation ⚫ population种群、 colony集群 ⚫ Provisionality aggregation临时性群集：灯下的飞蛾 ⚫ seasonal aggregation季节性群集：蝗虫 ⚫ permanent aggregation永久性群集：honey bees、 ants (social insects——division of labour) ⚫ 意义 – 有利于改变小气候 – 共同合作取食 – 共同防御天敌 – 有利于繁殖和个体发育 – 共同迁徙