昆虫形态学 Insect morphology 第一章昆虫的外部形态 Chapter1 External Morphology Snodgrass (1935)： Principles of Insect Morpbology
、体制 General Body Plan Three axes of bilaterally symmetrical body Antenna Longitudinal, also Prothoracic leg Front termed cephalic to Compound ey caudal纵向 Dorsoventral, or dorsal Thorax一 to ventral背腹向 Metatho Transverse, or lateral Hind wing to the opposite latera Abdomen 横向
a For appendages, proximal near body, whereas distal or apical distant from body. 附肢,靠近身体的部位为基部,反之为端部 a Structures may be described as mesal, or medial, if they are nearer to the midline (median line),or lateral if they are closer to the body margin 靠近中线的部位称为中部,反之则为侧区
Exoskeleton外骨骼 Exocuticle(exoskeleton 表皮硬化形成外骨骼 Segment,/ somite体节 conjunctival or inter- segmental membrane节间膜 Sclerite骨片
Tagmosis体躯分段 Insect segments amalgamation(fusion)into functional units体节融合成为体段。 Tagmosis体段→头head,胸 Thorax,腹 abdomen 触为
Head: 4-6-segmented Thorax: 3-segmented; Abdomen: 11-segmented Antenna Ocellus Prothoracic leg Front wing Compound eye Head Thorax Metathorax Metathoracic leg Cercus
(4) Sclerites and Regions of Body 体面和骨化区 ■ dorsal side背面 背板 Tergum; pl. terga背片 tergite pleural side侧面 侧板 pleuron;pl. pleura-侧片 pleurite ventral side腹面— 腹板 sternum;pl. sterna-腹片 sternite
(5)内骨骼 Endoskeleton sulcus and suture沟和缝 sulcus, pl sulci Sutures 缝 ridge and apodeme内脊和内突 ridge内脊 apodeme内突
(6) Appendages附肢 a Primitively each segment bore a pair of appendages.原始每节有一对附肢。 Head highly modified into mouthpart and antennae 头部附肢特化成触角和口器。 Thorax:legs胸足 Abdomen: highly modified and forming genitalia 腹部附肢特化为生殖器
第二章昆虫的头部 Chapter 2 Head of Insects 、头部的起源The origin of insect head 头部的分节一直存在争议 证据：胚胎发育、古昆虫化石 □个体发育Ontogeny □系统发育phylogeny □生物发生律Biogenetic law （重演律recapitulation law)