Chapter 26 Signal transduction 清莘大当
Chapter 26 Signal transduction
26.1 Introduction 26.2 Carriers and channels form water soluble paths through the membrane 26.3 Ion channels are selective 26.4 Neurotransmitters control channel activity 26.5 G proteins may activate or inhibit target proteins 26.6 G proteins function by dissociation of the trimer 26.7 Growth factor receptors are protein kinases 26.8 Receptors are activated by dimerization 26.9 Receptor kinases activate signal transduction pathways 26.10 The Ras/MAPK pathway 26.11 The activation of Ras 26.12 Activating MAP kinase pathways 26.13 What determines specificity in signaling? 26.14 Cyclic AMP and activation of CREB 26.15 The JAK-STAT pathway 26.16 TGFb signals through Smads 26.17 Structural subunits can be messengers 情菜大当
26.1 Introduction 26.2 Carriers and channels form water soluble paths through the membrane 26.3 Ion channels are selective 26.4 Neurotransmitters control channel activity 26.5 G proteins may activate or inhibit target proteins 26.6 G proteins function by dissociation of the trimer 26.7 Growth factor receptors are protein kinases 26.8 Receptors are activated by dimerization 26.9 Receptor kinases activate signal transduction pathways 26.10 The Ras/MAPK pathway 26.11 The activation of Ras 26.12 Activating MAP kinase pathways 26.13 What determines specificity in signaling? 26.14 Cyclic AMP and activation of CREB 26.15 The JAK-STAT pathway 26.16 TGFb signals through Smads 26.17 Structural subunits can be messengers
26.1 Introduction Amplification refers to the production of additional copies of a chromosomal sequence,found as intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. Endocytosis is process by which proteins at the surface of the cell are internalized,being transported into the cell within membranous vesicles. G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins.Trimeric G proteins are associated with the plasma membrane.When bound by GDP the trimer remains intact and is inert.When the GDP is replaced by GTP,the a subunit is released from the bg dimer.Either the a monomer or the bg dimer then activates or represses a target protein.Monomeric G proteins are cytosolic and work on the same principle that the form bound to GDP is inactive,but the form bound to GTP is active. 清菜大当
Amplification refers to the production of additional copies of a chromosomal sequence, found as intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. Endocytosis is process by which proteins at the surface of the cell are internalized, being transported into the cell within membranous vesicles. G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. Trimeric G proteins are associated with the plasma membrane. When bound by GDP the trimer remains intact and is inert. When the GDP is replaced by GTP, the a subunit is released from the bg dimer. Either the a monomer or the bg dimer then activates or represses a target protein. Monomeric G proteins are cytosolic and work on the same principle that the form bound to GDP is inactive, but the form bound to GTP is active. 26.1 Introduction
26.1 Introduction Receptor is a transmembrane protein,located in the plasma membrane,that binds a ligand in a domain on the extracellular side, and as a result has a change in activity of the cytoplasmic domain. (The same term is sometimes used also for the steroid receptors, which are transcription factors that are activated by binding ligands that are steroids or other small molecules.) Second messengers are small molecules that are generated when a signal transduction pathway is activated.The classic second messenger is cyclic AMP,which is generated when adenylate cyclase is activated by a G protein(when the G protein itself was activated by a transmembrane receptor). Signal transduction describes the process by which a receptor interacts with a ligand at the surface of the cell and then transmits a signal to trigger a pathway within the cell. 情華大当
Receptor is a transmembrane protein, located in the plasma membrane, that binds a ligand in a domain on the extracellular side, and as a result has a change in activity of the cytoplasmic domain. (The same term is sometimes used also for the steroid receptors, which are transcription factors that are activated by binding ligands that are steroids or other small molecules.) Second messengers are small molecules that are generated when a signal transduction pathway is activated. The classic second messenger is cyclic AMP, which is generated when adenylate cyclase is activated by a G protein (when the G protein itself was activated by a transmembrane receptor). Signal transduction describes the process by which a receptor interacts with a ligand at the surface of the cell and then transmits a signal to trigger a pathway within the cell. 26.1 Introduction
Movement of ligand Signal transduction EXTRACELLU儿AR 感2死 Ligand binds to receptor 26.1 Introduction Figure 26.1 Overview: information may be transmitted from the exterior to the interior of the cell by movement of a ligand or by signal CYTOSOL transduction. Ligand released Receptor interacts nto cytoplasm with cytosolic protein 清菜大当
Figure 26.1 Overview: information may be transmitted from the exterior to the interior of the cell by movement of a ligand or by signal transduction. 26.1 Introduction
26.1 Introduction Figure 26.2 Three means for transferring material of various sizes into the cell are provided by ion channels,receptor- mediated ligand lors enter through channel released transport,and receptor internalization. Coated vesicle is endocytosed 情華大当
Figure 26.2 Three means for transferring material of various sizes into the cell are provided by ion channels, receptormediated ligand transport, and receptor internalization. 26.1 Introduction
Act片gk6as色 26.1 Introduction Figure 26.3 A signal may be transduced by activating the kinase activity of the cytoplasmic domain of a transmembrane receptor 3906606066060668 or by dissociating a G protein into subunits that act on target proteins on Phosphorylated receptor G protein dissociates, the membrane associates with target protein actie subunit(s)act on target 清菜大当
Figure 26.3 A signal may be transduced by activating the kinase activity of the cytoplasmic domain of a transmembrane receptor or by dissociating a G protein into subunits that act on target proteins on the membrane. 26.1 Introduction
Camier Channel 26.2 Carriers and channels EXTRACELLULAR Solute binds Gate is form water soluble paths to carrier closed through the membrane CYTOSOL Figure 26.4 A carrier(porter) transports a solute into the cell by 82 a conformational change that EXTRACELLULAR brings the solute-binding site from the exterior to the interior,while an ion channel is controlled by the opening of a gate (which might in principle be located on either side Solute exposed Gate opens;ions of the membrane) to cytosol travel through CYTOSOL 情菜大当
Figure 26.4 A carrier (porter) transports a solute into the cell by a conformational change that brings the solute-binding site from the exterior to the interior, while an ion channel is controlled by the opening of a gate (which might in principle be located on either side of the membrane). 26.2 Carriers and channels form water soluble paths through the membrane
Camier Channel 26.2 Carriers and channels EXTRACELLULAR Solute binds Gate is form water soluble paths to carrier closed through the membrane CYTOSOL Figure 26.4 A carrier(porter) transports a solute into the cell by 8赞 a conformational change that EXTRACELLULAR brings the solute-binding site from the exterior to the interior,while an 6 ion channel is controlled by the opening of a gate (which might in principle be located on either side Solute exposed Gate opens;ions of the membrane). to cytosol travel through CYTOSOL 清菜大兰
Figure 26.4 A carrier (porter) transports a solute into the cell by a conformational change that brings the solute-binding site from the exterior to the interior, while an ion channel is controlled by the opening of a gate (which might in principle be located on either side of the membrane). 26.2 Carriers and channels form water soluble paths through the membrane
26.2 Carriers and channels form water soluble paths through the membrane Charged face of helix Hydrophobic face of helix Figure 26.5 A channel may be created by amphipathic helices,which present their hydrophobic faces to the lipid bilayer,while juxtaposing their charged faces away from the bilayer.In this example,the channel is lined with positive charges,which would encourage the passage of anions. 清菜大当
Figure 26.5 A channel may be created by amphipathic helices, which present their hydrophobic faces to the lipid bilayer, while juxtaposing their charged faces away from the bilayer. In this example, the channel is lined with positive charges, which would encourage the passage of anions. 26.2 Carriers and channels form water soluble paths through the membrane